Cardio Physiology Part 1

Question 1

What are the three principal components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels
3. Blood

Question 2

What are the formed elements in blood?

Answer 2

1. Red Blood Cells
2. Platelets
3. White Blood Cells

Question 3

What are the two divisions in White Blood Cells or leukocytes?

Answer 3

1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes

Question 4

What are the three types of granulocytes?

Answer 4

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 5

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

Answer 5

1. Lymphocyte
2. Monocyte

Question 6

This carries blood cells, proteins, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and other molecules transported around the body

Answer 6

Plasma

Question 7

This is a physiological mechanism that stops bleeding

Answer 7

Hemostasis

Question 8

What is the 3-step process of hemostasis?

Answer 8

1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood coagulation

Question 9

This results from damage to the blood vessel. The damaged tissue secretes factors that cause contraction.

Answer 9

Vascular spasm

Question 10

Vessels __________ to minimize blood loss

Answer 10

Constrict

Question 11

This forms around the site of damage to decrease blood loss and maintain blood pressure.

Answer 11

Platelet Plug Formation

Question 12

This occurs around the platelet plug, providing protection or blood clots.

Answer 12

Blood coagulation

Question 13

These are secreted in inactive forms into the blood then becomes activated during cascade

Answer 13

Clotting factors

Question 14

Where are clotting factors produced?

Answer 14

Liver

Question 15

Plasma without clotting factors

Answer 15

Serum

Question 16

When there’s collagen, activation of clotting factors

Answer 16

Intrinsic pathway

Question 17

What is the common pathway for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?

Answer 17

Factor IX — Christmas Factor (Primary Thromboplastin Component)

Question 18

Both pathways activate __________ to __________

Answer 18

Thrombin; Prothrombin

Question 19

This converts plasminogen to plasmin

Answer 19

Plasminogen activators

Question 20

Medication given to dissolve clots obstructing in coronary, pulmonary and cerebral arteries

Answer 20

Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)

Question 21

This facilitates the swift removal of clotting factors and inhibition of active clotting factors becoming unnecessarily large

Answer 21

Clot controllers

Question 22

Unbound thrombin is inactivated by __________ and __________

Answer 22

Antithrombin III; Protein C

Question 23

This is an anticoagulant in mast cells and basophils, and on endothelial cells surface

Answer 23

Heparin

Question 24

These are normally smooth and intact, preventing platelets from adhering

Answer 24

Endothelial cells

Question 25

What are the secretions of endothelial cells that help prevent platelet aggregation?

Answer 25

1. Nitric Oxide (NO) 2. Prostacyclin

Question 26

What are the three drugs used clinically to prevent clots?

Answer 26

1. Aspirin 2. Heparin 3. Warfarin

Question 27

It is an antiprotaglandin

Answer 27

Aspirin

Question 28

It is injected clinically

Answer 28

Heparin

Question 29

This is a coumadin taken orally

Answer 29

Warfarin

Question 30

This clotting disorder can block vessel and if it’s large enough; not moving

Answer 30

Thrombus

Question 31

This clotting disorder wedges in a vessel; moving

Answer 31

Embolus

Question 32

Lack of platelets that causes spontaneous bleeding in small BVs

Answer 32

Thrombocytopenia

Question 33

Causes lack of procoagulants

Answer 33

Impaired liver

Question 34

What are the three types of Haemophilia?

Answer 34

1. Lack of Factor VIII 2. Lack of Factor IX 3. Lack of Factor XI

Question 35

Blood from heart to the body

Answer 35

Systemic loop

Question 36

Oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and back to the heart

Answer 36

Pulmonary

Question 37

What is the order of blood vessels?

Answer 37

Arteries —> Arterioles —> Capillaries —> Venules —> Veins

Question 38

This carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Answer 38

Arteries

Question 39

This carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Answer 39

Veins

Question 40

What are the factors that affect resistance?

Answer 40

1. Blood viscocity 2. Total blood vessel length 3. Blood vessel diameter

Question 41

What are the 4 layers of the heart?

Answer 41

1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium 4. Pericardium

Question 42

This initiates heart beat and helps spread impulse rapidly throughout the heart

Answer 42

Conduction system

Question 43

Peptide hormone secreted in atria

Answer 43

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 44

This innervates entire heart and releases norepinephrine

Answer 44

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Question 45

This innervates node cells and releases ACh

Answer 45

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)