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PHYSIOL > Cardio Physiology Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardio Physiology Part 2 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

This supplies blood to the heart and branches from the aorta that supplies the myocardium.

A

Coronary Arteries

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2
Q

Coronary arteries exist from behind __________ in very first part of aorta and lead to a branching network blood vessels

A

Aortic valve cusps

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3
Q

This is where most cardiac veins drain into, draining mot of the deoxygenated blood leaving the heart

A

Coronary sinus

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4
Q

The coronary sinus empties into the __________

A

Right atrium

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5
Q

These are responsible in creating electrical impulses to the whole heart

A

Node cells

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6
Q

This type of node cell is the pacemaker. It controls electrical impulses which cause contraction.

A

SA Node

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7
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

60 - 100 impulse/min

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8
Q

These are uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions caused by a defect in the conduction system

A

Arrhythmias

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9
Q

This clinical issue involves the rapid and irregular contraction where SA node is no longer controlling the heart rate

A

Fibrillation

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10
Q

This type of fibrillation can cause clotting and inefficient filling of ventricles

A

Atrial fibrillation

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11
Q

This is more life threatening than atrial fibrillation. It is where ventricles pump without filling.

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

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12
Q

If rhythm in VFib is not rapidly established, what happens?

A

Circulation stops and brain death may occur

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13
Q

What is the temporary remedy to fibrillation?

A

Application of electrical stimulus to shock the heart back into its normal SA rhythm

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14
Q

For more chronic cardiovascular issues, what is the treatment for fibrillation?

A

Implantation of “pacemakers” that deliver electrical stimulus rather than SA nodes.

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15
Q

This holds a record of the heart’s electrical activity.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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16
Q

In the ECG, this represents the result of atrial depolarization from the SA to AV node.

A

P Wave

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17
Q

In the ECG, this represents the result of ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction.

A

QRS Complex

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18
Q

In the ECG, this represents the result of ventricular repolarization.

A

T Wave

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19
Q

What is the basic equation for the ECG?

A

Change in pressure / R

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20
Q

In the cardiac cycle, this is referred to as the contraction phase.

A

Systole

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21
Q

In the cardiac cycle, this is referred to as the relaxation phase.

A

Diastole

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22
Q

These are abnormal heart sounds.

A

Heart murmurs

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood flow should be silent.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

This is the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle within a minute.

A

Cardiac Output

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25
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO = HR x SV
26
What is the normal rate for cardiac output?
5.25 L/min
27
What happens to the stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and heart rate (HR) when blood volume drops?
SV decreases; CO is maintained; HR increases
28
These are things that can increase heart rate.
Positive chronotropic factors
29
These are things that can decrease heart rate.
Negative chronotropic factors
30
TRUE OR FALSE: SNS decreases heart rate, and PSNS increases heart rate.
FALSE: SNS increases heart rate, and PSNS decreases heart rate.
31
This is the difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume.
Stroke Volume: SV = EDV - ESV
32
With every beat, the heart pumps about __________ of the blood in its chambers.
60%; approximately 70 mL
33
What law states this: “Under normal circumstances, the heart is able to increase the stroke volume appropriately to the venous return.”
Starling’s Law
34
This is the degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract.
Preload
35
This is the pressure the ventricles must overcome to force open aortic and pulmonary valves.
Afterload
36
These are the most important factors in causing stretch. It is controlled by the venous return.
Elastic Arteries
37
TRUE OR FALSE: Ventricles can sometimes run out of blood.
FALSE: Ventricles are NEVER completely empty of blood.
38
What happens to the stroke volume and the force of ventricular contraction increase?
Stroke volume increases
39
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
EF = SV/EDV
40
What is the rate of ejection fraction under normal resting conditions?
50-75%
41
What happens to the ejection fraction when contractility increases?
Ejection fraction increases as well
42
This is the system that involves the pipes that carry the blood.
Vascular system
43
What are the two main structures involved in the vascular system?
Arteries and Veins
44
Trace the flow of blood in the arteries and veins. (In order)
Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
45
What is the formula for compliance?
Change in volume / change in pressure
46
TRUE OR FALSE: The lower the compliance, the more easily the structure can be stretched
FALSE: The higher* the compliance
47
Arteries are often called __________ due to elastic recoil.
Pressure reservoirs
48
These are conduit vessels near the heart.
Elastic arteries.
49
Elastic arteries are large __________ vessels that contain more __________ than muscular arteries.
Lumen; Elastin
50
What two diseases affect the elastic arteries’ ability to function properly?
1. Atherosclerosis 2. Arteriosclerosis
51
This type of arteries deliver blood to specific organs.
Muscular arteries
52
TRUE OR FALSE: Proportionally the thickest tunica media and are inactive in vasoconstriction
FALSE: They are very active in vasoconstriction
53
Muscular arteries can play a large role in the regulation of __________
Blood pressure
54
What is the average blood pressure?
120/80 mmHg
55
A blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg is considered to be ____________.
Hypertensive
56
Pulse pressure is the difference between __________ and __________ pressures.
Systolic; diastolic
57
What are the three factors in determining the magnitude of pulse pressure?
1. SV 2. Speed ejection of SV 3. Arterial compliance
58
This is referred to as the decrease in compliance.
Arteriosclerosis
59
These are the smallest arteries that control minute-to-minute blood flow into capillary beds.
Arterioles
60
Arterioles transition into __________.
Capillaries
61
What is the formula for the flow-pressure relationship?
F = Change in P/R
62
This causes vasodilation and relaxes the blood vessel.
Nitric oxide
63
This is the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to that tissue’s requirement at any instant
Autoregulation
64
Autoregulation is regulated by __________ factors and independent of __________ factors.
Local; systemic
65
These are the smallest blood vessels in the body in which gas and nutrient exchange occur.
Capillaries
66
How does gas and nutrient exchange in the capillaries occur?
Through the diffusion out of the blood and into the tissues OR vice versa
67
This type of capillary has tight junctions.
Continuous capillary
68
This type of capillary is more permeable.
Fenestrated Capillary
69
This type of capillary has an incomplete basement membrane.
Sinusoidal Capillary
70
Where are continuous capillaries found?
1. Skin 2. Muscle
71
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
1. Intestines 2. Hormone-producing tissues 3. Kidneys
72
Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
1. Liver 2. Bone marrow 3. Lymphoid tissues
73
TRUE OR FALSE: Blood movement is slower with bigger blood vessels because there’s more space to fill.
FALSE: Ano pinag sasabi mo; faster*
74
This is the force exerted by fluid pressing against wall, and it tends to force fluid out.
Hydrostatic pressure
75
This is created by large, non-diffusable molecules
Osmotic pressure
76
What happens when HP exceeds OP?
Fluid leaves the capillaries
77
What happens when OP is greater than HP?
Fluid enters capillaries
78
Generally, amount of fluid lost and not regained is about __________
1.5 mL/min
79
This carries blood back to the heart and vary in structure as they progress away from capillaries.
Venous system
80
These have less smooth muscle and more elastic than arteries and are highly distensible.
Veins
81
These are veins that have become dilated and tortuous because of incompetent (leaky valves).
Varicose veins
82
This helps proper blood back to the heart.
Respiratory pump
83
This results in blood moving forward and prevents the backflow of the veins
Muscular pump
84
This is the temporary drop in blood pressure when standing from prone or reclining position.
Orthostatic hypotension
85
This may indicate poor nutrition and is associated with low viscosity of blood.
Chronic hypotension
86
This is the major cause of hypotension
Hemorrhage
87
These are one of the most important signs of the circulatory shock
Acute hypotension
88
This is the most common form of circulatory shock which results from large blood loss.
Hypovolemic shock
89
This type of circulatory shock is a result of pump failure. It is usually the result of myocardial damage following a severe MI or multiple MIs.
Cardiogenic shock
90
This type of circulatory shock is a result of a huge drop in total peripheral resistance.
Vascular shock
91
This is referred to as chronically elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
92
What are the four ways to manage hypertension?
1. Diet 2. Exercise 3. Lifestyle change 4. Medication
93
What are the 8 factors that cause hypertension?
1. Diet 2. Obesity 3. Age 4. Gender 5. Diabetes Mellitus 6. Genetics 7. Stress 8. Smoking
94
Name the 5 drugs used to treat hypertension.
1. Diuretics 2. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers 3. Ca2+ channel blockers 4. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 5. Drugs that antagonize one or more components of the sympathetic nervous system

PHYSIOL (6 decks)

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