Cardio Review

Question 1

When are the AV valves closed?

Answer 1

Systole; during the isovolumetric contraction, reduced ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation

Question 2

When are the AV valves open?

Answer 2

Diastole; during rapid ventricular filling, diastasis, and atrial systole

Question 3

What event within the heart causes the AV valves to open? close?

Answer 3

• When atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure. Atrial filling leads up to the opening of AV valves
• ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure

Question 4

When are the semilunar valves closed?

Answer 4

Diastole; during the period of isometric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling, diastasis, atrial systole, and isometric contraction

Question 5

When are the semilunar valves open?

Answer 5

Systole; during the period of rapid and reduced ejection

Question 6

What event causes the semilunar valves to open? close?

Answer 6

• Increase in ventricular pressure

- Increase in pulmonic and aortic pressure that is greater than ventricular pressure

Question 7

Are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cycle? If so, when?
Both open? when?

Answer 7

• Yes, during isovolumetric contraction and isometric relaxation
• no

Question 8

At what point in the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the heart highest? lowest?

Answer 8

• Rapid ejection

- Rapid ventricular filling

Question 9

What is cardiac output?

Answer 9

The amount of blood pumped per unit of time

Question 10

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 10

Stroke volume / diastolic volume

Question 11

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 11

1. Atrial systole (systole)
2. Isovolumetric contractraction (systole)
3. Rapid Ejection (systole)
4. Reduced Ejection (systole)
5. Isovolumetric Relaxation (diastole)
6. Rapid ventricular filling (diastole)
7. Diastesis (diastole)

Question 12

Volume in the lungs at max inflation; sum of VC and RV

Answer 12

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 13

Volume of air moved into or out of the lugs during quiet breathing

Answer 13

Tidal Volume (VT)

Question 14

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Answer 14

Residual Volume (RV)

Question 15

Max volume of air that can be exhaled from the normal end-expiratory position

Answer 15

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Question 16

Max volume that can be inhaled from the normal end-inspiratory position

Answer 16

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Question 17

Sum of IRV and TV

Answer 17

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Question 18

Max volume of air inhaled from the point of max expiration

Answer 18

Inspiratory Vital Capacity (IVC)

Question 19

Volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation; IRV + TV + ERV

Answer 19

Vital Capacity (VC)

Question 20

Volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position

Answer 20

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

ERV + RV

Question 21

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to that will cause breathing?

Answer 21

pH, specifically H+ ions that cross the BBB

Question 22

What is the normal partial pressures of O2, CO2, in gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary membrane?

Answer 22

• O2 = 104 mmHg

- CO2 = 40 mmHg

Question 23

What are the factors that cause a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve?

Answer 23

1. increased CO2
2. Increased DPG 2,3
3. Increased exercise
4. Decreased pH
5. Increased altitude
6. increased temperature

Question 24

how readily the elastic forces accept a volume of inspired air

Answer 24

Lung compliance

C = change in volume/ change in pressure

Question 25

ability to respond directly to force and return to its original resting position or shape after the external force no longer exists

Answer 25

elastance | E = change in pressure/ change in volume

Question 26

This respiratory pattern is characterized by periods of respiration during which the VT starts shallow and gets progressively deeper, and then gets progressively shallower. This shallow-deep-shallow pattern is followed by periods of significant apnea that can last up to 30s or longer, then the cycle starts over. each cycle can take anywhere btwn 30 and 2 minutes or longer.

Answer 26

Cheyne-Stokes respirations Seen in: 1. strokes 2. TBI 3. Brain tumor 4. carbon monoxide poisoning 5. metabolic encephalopathy

Question 27

A type of labored or hyperventilation characterized by a consistently deep and rapid respiratory pattern

Answer 27

Kussmaul's respirations Seen in: a severe metabolic acidosis such as diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 28

Respiratory pattern that has a prolonged inspiration phase followed by a prolonged expiratory phase

Answer 28

Apneustic respirations - long expiratory phase commonly believed to be apneic phases Seen in: damage sustained to the upper pons

Question 29

abnormally prolonged and deep breathing

Answer 29

hyperventilation

Question 30

reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli which causes an increase in arterial CO2 level

Answer 30

hypoventilation

Question 31

Which portion of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents a small deflection sometimes seen just after the T wave, representing the final phase of ventricular repolarization? 

Answer 31

U wave

Question 32

Name the five traditionally designated auscultatory areas and their corresponding intercostal space

Answer 32

1. Aortic valve area – 2nd R intercostal space 2. Pulmonic area – 2nd L intercostal space 3. Second pulmonic area – 3rd L intercostal space 4. Tricuspid area – 4th L intercostal space 5. Mitral area – 5th L intercostal space, midclavicular line

Question 33

What are the parts of the EKG and what do they represent?

Answer 33

P - Spread of a stimulus through Atria (Atrial depolarization) PR interval - time from initial stimulus of atria to initial stimulus of ventricles (.12-.2s) QRS - the spread of a stimulant through the ventricles (Ventricular depolarization) ST seg and T - the return of stimulated ventricular muscle to a resting state (Ventricular repolarization) U - small deflection sometimes after T QT interval - the time elapsed from the onset of ventricular depolarization until the completion of ventricular depolarization, with the interval varying with the cardiac rate

Question 34

irregular breaths varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea but lacking repetitive pattern, associated with increased intracranial pressure

Answer 34

Biot respirations

Question 35

a narrowing or constriction that prevents the valve from opening fully and may be caused by scars or abnormal deposits on the leaflets; causes obstruction to blood flow and the chamber behind the narrow valve must produce extra work to sustain cardiac output

Answer 35

stenosis

Question 36

occurs when the valve does not close properly and causes blood to flow back into the heart chamber; the heart gradually dilates in response to the increased volume work

Answer 36

Insufficiency (regurgitation)

Question 37

Name this part of the cardiac cycle: Ventricular contraction causes the AV valves to close from contraction of papillary muscles; All valves closed

Answer 37

Isovolumetric contraction | - S1 happens here

Question 38

Name this part of the cardiac cycle: intraventricular pressure falls sufficiently causing semilunar valves to close; all valves are closed

Answer 38

Isovolumetric relaxation - S2 happens here - dicrotic notch happens here (associated with a small back flow of blood into the ventricles resulting in aortic and pulm a. pressure tracings)

Question 39

List the events of conduction through the heart

Answer 39

1. SA node generates impulse 2. Impulses pause (.1s) at the AV node 3. AV bundle connects the atria to the ventricle 4. Bundle branches conduct the impulses through the inter ventricular septum 5. Purkinje fibers depolarize the contractile cells of both ventricles

Question 40

What are the steps of oxygen transport?

Answer 40

1. inspired oxygen and quality of ambient air 2. Airways 3. Lungs and chest wall 4. diffusion 5. Myocardial function 6. perfusion 7. peripheral circulation 8. tissue extraction and use of oxygen 9. Return of partially desaturated blood and CO2 to the lungs