Cardio Review PP Flashcards by Dat Medic

Blood Flow Through the Heart: What kind of blood and from where does the right side of the heart receive blood?

Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated venous blood from all over the body.

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Blood Flow Through the Heart: What anatomical structure does blood pass to enter the right atrium?

Enters through inferior and superior vena cava.

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Blood Flow Through the Heart: What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Atrial contraction forces blood through tricuspid valve into right ventricle.

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Blood Flow Through the Heart: What valve does blood pass through when the right ventricle contracts?

Right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through pulmonary valve.

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Blood Flow Through the Heart: After leaving the right ventricle, what structure does it enter and where does it go?

Blood enters pulmonary artery and into the lungs.

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Blood Flow Through the Heart: Where is blood oxygenated? How does it return to the heart?

Blood is oxygenated in lungs and returned to heart through pulmonary veins. (Left Atrium)

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Blood Flow Through the Heart: What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

Left atrium contracts forcing oxygenated blood through the mitral valve into left ventricle.

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Blood Flow Through the Heart: Where does blood go after the left ventricle contracts? (Valve and anatomical structure)

Muscular left ventricle contract, forcing blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.

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Anatomy of the Heart: What is the outer layer of the heart and what is its role?

Epicardium (outer layer): prevents excess expansion or movement of the heart

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Anatomy of the Heart: What is the middle layer of the heart and what is its role?

Myocardium (middle layer): initiates contractions driving the cardiac cycle

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Anatomy of the Heart: What is the inner layer of the heart and what is its role?

Endocardium (inner layer): lines the cavities and valves

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Heart sounds: Describe the S1 sound

S1: Closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves.
-Normal; “lub”

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Heart sounds: Describe the S2 sound

S2: Closure of semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves

-Normal; “dub”

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Heart sounds: Describe the S3 sound

S3: Extra beat heard after S2

Ventricular gallop
Typically caused by congestive heart failure
May be normal in young children, pregnancy, and well-trained athletes

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Heart sounds: Describe the S4 sound

S4: Extr beat heard prior to S1

Atrial gallop
Typically caused by atrial enlargement

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Start of EKGs: Who experimented with zinc and copper connected to a frog’s leg?

Luigi Galvani

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Start of EKGs: Who found the frog legs kicked when connected to heart?

Kollicker and Mueller

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Start of EKGs: What does an EKG provide us with?

EKG provides us with a record of cardiac electrical activity and valuable information about the heart’s function and structure.

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Start of EKGs: What does an EKG record?

Records electrical activity of contraction of the heart muscle (myocardium)

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Start of EKGs: What has to be electrically stimulated for the heart to contract?

When myocardium is electrically stimulated, it contracts

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Basics of EKGs: What type of charge is polarized?

Polarized: negative charge

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Basics of EKGs: What type of charge is depolarized?

Depolarized: positive charge

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Basics of EKGs: Are the myocytes (heart muscle cells) Polarized or Depolarized while in a resting state?

Polarized

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Basics of EKGs: How do myocytes become depolarized?

Become depolarized when their interiors become positive, and cells contract.

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Basics of EKGs: What happens when a wave of depolarization progresses through the heart?

A wave of depolarization progresses through the heart, causing contraction of the myocardium

Basics of EKGs: Where does the wave of depolarization begin?

Begins in right atrium, spreading quickly to left atrium

Basics of EKGs: After the wave of depolarization happens in the right and left atrium, where does it go next?

Proceeds through the AV Valves

Basics of EKGs: What is repolarization?

Cell interiors return to negative

Basics of EKGs: What does "late" repolarization look like on EKG?

Broad hump on EKG is most active phase of “late” repolarization

Basics of EKGs: Dealing with depolarization, what type of electrode produces a upward deflection?

A depolarization wave moving towards a positive (+) electrode produces a (+) upward deflection

Basics of EKGs: What is the heart's dominant pacemaker? What is this activity called?

``` Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) is the heart’s dominant pacemaker. -Activity is known as "sinus rhythm" ```

Basics of EKGs: What is automaticity?

The ability to initiate an electrical impulse without outside nervous system stimulation.

Basics of EKGs: What has automaticity to generate pacemaking stimuli?

SA Node

Basics of EKGs: What happens when depolarization moves through both atria?

-As a wave of depolarization moves through both atria, there is a simultaneous wave of atrial contraction.

Basics of EKGs: What is a P wave represent on an EKG? (2)

- Atrial depolarization is recorded as a P wave on an EKG. - Represents the depolarization and contraction of both atria that forces blood through the Atrio-Ventricular Node (AV Node).

Basics of EKGs: What is the role of the Atrio-Ventricular valve? (2)

- Atrio-Ventricular valves prevent ventricle-to-atrium blood backflow - Electrically insulate the ventricles from the atria

Basics of EKGs: What lies between the atria and ventricles? What side is each on?

- Mitral valve and tricuspid valve lie between the atria and ventricles - MitraL = Left - TRIcuspid = Right

Basics of EKGs: How does the pause after the P wave happen? What does that produce?

- When wave of atrial depolarization enters the AV node, depolarization slows - This produces a brief pause to allow blood to enter ventricles

Basics of EKGs: What causes this slow conduction through the AV node when depolarization slows after p wave?

Ca++

Basics of EKGs: What does the AV node conduct?

Atrioventricular node (AV Node) is the sole pathway to conduct the depolarization stimulus through the AV valves and to ventricles.

Basics of EKGs: Where is the AV node located?

Located just above, but continuous with, a specialized “ventricular conduction system.”

Basics of EKGs: What shoots through the ventricular conduction system and where does it begin?

Depolarization shoots rapidly through the ventricular conduction system beginning at the His Bundle

Basics of EKGs: What does the His Bundle divide into? Name them.

His Bundle divides into 2 in the interventricular septum - Right Bundle Branch (RBB) - Left Bundle Branch (LBB)

Basics of EKGs: What are contained inside the His Bundle and Bundle branches?

His “Bundle” and “Bundle” Branches are “bundles” of rapidly conducting Purkinje fibers.

Basics of EKGs: What is the role of the Purkinje fibers?

Terminal filaments of Purkinje fibers rapidly distribute depolarization to the ventricular myocytes

Basics of EKGs: What produces the QRS complex on the EKG? What does it initiate?

Depolarization of the ventricular myocytes produces a QRS complex on and EKG; initiates the contraction of ventricles.

Basics of EKGs: What is the definition of deflection?

Deflection: direction in which EKG records

Basics of EKGs: What does the Q wave look like?

Q wave: first downward deflection of the complex. | -Not always seen on the EKG

Basics of EKGs: What does the R wave look like?

R wave: upward deflection following Q wave

Basics of EKGs: What does the S wave look like?

S wave: downward deflection following an R wave

Basics of EKGs: What is the ST segment? What does it represent? What level is it at?

ST segment: horizontal baseline following QRS complex. - Represents initial phase of ventricular repolarization - Should be level with other areas of baseline.

Basics of EKGs: What does the T wave look like? What does it represent?

T wave: broad hump following ST segment | -Represents the final “rapid” phase of ventricular repolarization

Basics of EKGs: why does repolarization occur? (2). How is it accomplished?

- Repolarization occurs so that the ventricular myocytes can recover their interior, resting negative charge. - Allows for the myocyte to be depolarized again - Accomplished by potassium (K+) ion leaving myocytes

Basics of EKGs: What does the QT interval represent?

QT interval: represents the duration of ventricular systole

Basics of EKGs: How is the QT interval measured?

Measured from beginning of QRS to end of the T wave

Basics of EKGs: What is the QT interval an indicator for?

Good indicator of repolarization as it compromises most of the interval

Basics of EKGs: What is a paramedic tip for interval and segment?

Interval: contains at least one wave Segment: portion of baseline

Basics of EKGs: What is the role of Ca++? How does it achieve this?

Ca++ causes myocardial contraction. | -Binds with troponin to achieve

Basics of EKGs: What is the role of of K+?

Causes repolarization

Basics of EKGs: What does Na+ produce? What is the exception?

Na+ ions produce cell-to-cell conduction in the heart | -Except the AV node, which depends on the movement of Ca++ ions