cardio system Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
organ that pumps blood throughout the body
A
heart
2
Q
include arteries, veins, and capillaries- serve as the passageways for blood to travel throughout the body
A
blood vessels
3
Q
carry oxygen and recycle carbon dioxide via two loops
A
red blood cells
4
Q
circulates blood between heart and lungs
A
pulmonary loop
5
Q
circulates blood between the heart and the rest of the body
A
systemic loop
6
Q
the heart sits in the center of what cavity
A
thoracic cavity
7
Q
layers of tissue surrounding heart in order from superficial to deep(nearer the heart)
A
pericardium which includes epicardium, myocardium and then endocardium
8
Q
tissue layer of the heart that contracts to pump the heart and is entirely cardiac muscle tissue, striated tissue under INvoluntary control
A
myocardium
9
Q
this tissue makes up the internal structures of the heart. including the valves
A
endocardium
10
Q
an infection where there is inflammation or swelling of the myocardium possibly from a virus, bacteria, medication or a number of other causes
A
myocarditis
11
Q
infection that causes inflamation of parts of the pericardium (can include the epicardium) can be caused by virus, bacteria, etc and can be a sign of cancer
A
pericarditis
12
Q
what imaging tool can help detect myocarditis and pericarditis
A
echocardiograms
13
Q
what imaging tool can measure electrical activity to help diagnose myocarditis and pericarditis
A
electrocardiogram
14
Q
the two chamber sof the heart that are small and thinly lined are
A
the two atria
15
Q
the two chambers of the heart that are large and have a thick muscular wall are
A
two ventricles
16
Q
this chamber has the most myocardium because it pushes the hardest
A
left ventricle-pushes oxygenated blood to the entire body
17
Q
is the first chamber to receive fully oxygenated blood
A
left atrium
18
Q
is the first chamber to receive partially deoxygenated blood
A
right atrium
19
Q
is blood ever fully deoxygenated
A
NO bc that would lead to necrosis
20
Q
left chambers=oxygenated and right chambers=deoxygenated
A
true
21
Q
fish have how many heart chambers
A
2
22
Q
amphibians and most reptiles have how many chmabers
A
3
23
Q
birds and mammals including humans have how many chambers
A
4
24
Q
blood flow in the body is unidirectional, so backward flow of blood is prevented by
A
valves
25
the valves that connect the atria to the ventricles (tricuspid valve and bicuspid/mitrla valve) are known as
atrioventricular (AV) valves
26
the valves connecting the ventricles to the arteries (pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve) are known as
semilunar valves
27
what makes the lub dub sound of the heart
lub=blood against closing AV valves
dub=blood against closing semilunar valves
28
another noninvasive way of hearing and visualizing the internal structure of the heart using ultrasound technology is
echocardiogram
29
abnormal heart sounds which can be indicative of anatomical problems are often called
heart murmurs
30
the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle that occurs in phases
cardiac cycle
31
the _____ phases occur when the heart contracts, emptying the 4 chambers
systolic
32
the _____ phase occurs when the heart relaxes refilling the 4 chambers
diastolic
33
____ systolic phase occurs first, followed by _____ systolic phase
atrial systole, ventricular systole
34
this tool was used before digital blood pressure readers to measure blood pressure and was placed abive the brachial artery
sphygmomanometers
35
bp cuff reading
systolic/diastolic pressure measured in mmHG
36
90-120/60-80
normal bp range
37
pressure in the aorta and left ventricle peaks during
ventricular systole (ventricles contract and release blood to the arteries)
38
pressure is lowest (diastolic) when the ventricles...
relax-refilling with blood
39
what are the two types of blood flow that provide the basis of measuring blood pressure; a product of fluid dynamics as well
laminar flow and turbulent flow
40
the smooth and uninterrupted flow of the blood vessels, does NOT produce any sound
laminar flow
41
the interrupted or obstructed flow of blood through vessels, DOES produce sound
turbulent flow
42
There is an INVERSE relationship between the surface area (A) and velocity (V), meaning that as surface area increases, a reduction in pressure leads to a reduction in blood velocity.
Bernoulli’s Principle
43
continuity equation
Q= flow
A= surface area
V=velocity
Q1=Q2
A1 x V1 =A2 x V2
44
the heart can beat without input from the nervous system due to the presence of two...
nodes-electrically excitable cells (not neurons) that stimulate rhythmic muscle contractions
45
this initiates cardiac muscle contraction of both atria, serving as the hearts natural pacemaker
SA node-located in anterior portion of the right atria
46
this triggers contraction of the ventricles after the atria relax
AV node-located at base of right atrium
47
these fibers in the myocardial lining beneath the ventricles help to relay the electrical signal from the AV node to both ventricles
Purkinje fibers
48
the very tip of the heart where ventricles meet
heart apex
49
the aorta is always at a high pressure but it gets even higher during
ventricular systole (ventricles contract and release blood to the arteries)
50
what heart chambers have very little change in pressure even during systole
atria
51
_____ are small electrically excitable cells that communicate with the ANS(signal through cranial nerves to the medulla) to monitor blood pressure in the major blood vessels
baroreceptos
52
what will the baroreflex do if blood pressure is high
will send signal to medulla to activate parasympathetic branch of ANS which through different mechanisms(possibly by releasing acetylcholine to slow down heart or by decreasing activation of the recpetors that bind epinephrine) will lower BP
52
what will the baroreflex do if blood pressure is low
it will send signal to activate sympathetic branch of ANS, which will release norepinephrine into the heart to raise the heart rate which also raises blood pressure AND angiotensin ll from kidneys is increased to cause vasoconstriction which raises BP
53
electrical changes in myocytes of the SA and AV nodes(happen first in SA node and later in Av and Purkinje fibers), what is this called?
the cardiac action potential
54
list phases of the cardiac action potential in order starting at depolarization
0- depolarization(increases voltage) bc of increased Na+
1- slight repolarization(decreases voltage) bc of decrease of K+
2- plateau bc increase in Ca+ and decrease in K+ simultaneously
3- quick repolarization bc mass exit of K+
4- K+ mostly stopped moving out but gate is still open, resting phase, need this phase before cell can fire again
55
more cations entering myocyte (depolarization) during cardiac action potential leads to what change in voltage
increase in voltage (mv)
56
more cations leaving the myocyte (repolarization) during cardiac action potential leads to what change in voltage
decrease in voltage (mv)
57
what happens to the heart during phase 2 or plateau phase of the cardiac action potential
causes cardiac muscle to contract which thus corresponds to atrial and ventricular systole (contract and release blood)
58
SA nodes are referred to as
pacemaker of the heart
59
clinicians can use an ECG/EKG/electrocardiogram to check for normal _______ waveforms
PQRST
60
if parts of the PQRST wave look abnormal after EKG this could mean what
possible heart arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation
61
what are 3 types of blood vessels
arteries, veins and capillaries
62
artery to capillary via
arterioles
63
veins to capillary via
venules
64
arteries take blood _________ the heart
away from
65
veins take blood ______the heart
into
66
why are arteries more likely to clog than veins
smaller center/lumen than veins
67
why do capillaries have a very thin single-cell layered outer wall
to make exchange/diffusion easier since that is their main job, can thus participate in bulk flow
68
what characteristic is unique to veins (not in arteries or capillaries)
valves-help keep blood from backflowing when on the way to the heart
69
why do arteries have the thickest walls off all blood vessels
to stand the high pressure of blood being pumped out to the whole body
70
where does filtration occur on the capillary and what happens
arteriole end , when bp > osmotic pressure
71
where does resorption occur in the capillary and what happens
venule end, blood pressure < osmotic pressure
72
what is the net filtration pressure calculation called (NFP)
simplified starling equation
73
what parts of the simplified starling equation favor filtration
The capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc,) and osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration (πIF)
74
what parts of the simplified starling equation favor absorption
The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif) and The osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (πp)
75
what part of the capillary favors filtration?
arteriole end
76
what part of the capillary favors absorption?
venule end
77
a condition in which build-up of fats, cholesterol and other substances forming plaques which obstruct blood flow leading to high bp and potentially blood clots or thrombosis
atherosclerosis
78
45% of the blood is made of _________ and 55% is made of ________
formed elements, plasma
79
what is plasma made of
90% water and 10%=proteins, electrolytes, hormones, metabolic nutrients and waste
80
what are formed elements of blood made of
98% erythrocytes/RBCs and 1-2%=leukocytes/WBCs, granulocytes, agranulocytes and platlets
81
managing osmolarity or tonicity (water to blood ratio), ph, body temp, clots, etc are thejob of what
blood in maintaining homeostasis
82
what are the key events in forming an erythrocyte/RBC?
stem cell --> erythroblast --> reticulocytes (these first 3 happen in red bone marrow) --> erythrocyte/RBC (circulate for 120 days before being removed by macrophages)
83
what is very unique about RBCs
they are enucleated (no nucleus), lack other membrane bound organelles, some of the smallest cells in the body, carry hundred-millions of hemoglobin
84
how do RBCs carry oxygen
they have hemoglobin which has iron Fe2+ on each heme that allows it to bind oxygen
85
RBCs _______ oxygen from the four hemes in tissues where oxygen levels are low. Likewise, hemoglobin will ______ more oxygen on its four hemes in tissues where oxygen levels are high.
release, bind
86
where are RBCs recycled
by the spleen and liver (and macrophages)
87
what blood type is a universal donor?
O-
88
what blood type is the universal recipient
AB+
89
rhesus (Rh) factor is either expressed (Rh+) or absent (Rh-)
true
90
a class of drug that reduces risk of blood clots for patients who have had a heart attack or stroke
blood thinners-warfarin and aspirin
91
a genetic disorder caused by a single point mutation that causes improper formation of the hemoglobin protein resulting in a misshapen RBC, reducing its ability to carry oxygen
sickle cell anemia-prone to illness, limited in activity
92
symptoms: chest pain/discomfort in shoulder or neck, shortness of breath, nauseous or light-headed, sudden fatigue
treatment: aspirin, blood thinner-warfarin
heart attack (also known as a myocardial infarct-loss of oxygen causes damage (or necrosis) of the myocardial tissue
92
symptoms=fatigue, shortness of breath, tachycardia(high heart rate)
treatments:change diet and exercise, med ie. Ace inhibitors, surgery ie. pacemaker, heart transplants
congestive heart failure-an anatomical CVD caused by a weak heart incapable of sufficiently pumping blood to the lungs and organs.
93
3 types of strokes-the result is necrosis of brain tissue, which can lead to permanent cognitive or other neurological impairments
Ischemic Strokes (blockage)
Hemorrhagic Strokes (bleeding)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
94
treatments: Placing a stent in the blocked artery,
Balloon Angioplasty,
Cardiac Bypass Surgery,
Heart Transplantation (or the use of a temporary artificial heart)
angina(caused by atherscerosis)-when the heart muscle is temporarily deprived of oxygen, causing a radiating pain and a “cramping” of the heart muscle
