respiratory system and gas exchange

Question 1

this system is responsible for mainting: internal temperature, blood ph and assists in speech and olfaction(smell)

Answer 1

respiratory system

Question 2

the trachea, bronchioles and lungs(including alveoli) make up the ______ respiratory tract

Answer 2

lower

Question 3

list order from top down of parts the bronchial tree anatomy

Answer 3

trachea-cartilaginous c-rings to keep it open
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 4

the lungs are contained in the ______ cavity

Answer 4

thoracic

Question 5

what is different between the two lungs

Answer 5

left lung only has 2 lobes because closer to heart and has cardiac notch

Question 6

what is the primary function of the pleural sac surrounding the lungs

Answer 6

to provide moisture at all times to allow lungs to expand and contract without friction or tearing

Question 7

what is the site of gas exchange

Answer 7

alveoli-tiny moist membrane bound sacs

Question 8

what supplies alveoli with blood

Answer 8

pulmonary arteries and veins (this makes sense because alveoli oxygenate the blood)

Question 9

what supplies the lungs with blood

Answer 9

capillaries

Question 10

oxygen and CO2 have their ______ _______ gradients at the alveoli

Answer 10

partial pressure

Question 11

This “______ _______” cycle takes place every time you inhale and exhale.

Answer 11

assembly line

Question 12

almost all vertebrates have ______ gas movement that is _____ to the movement of blood flow thus resulting in a ________ exchange mechanism

Answer 12

unidirectional, counter, countercurrent

Question 13

what is different in mammals from other vertebrates for gas exchange

Answer 13

its two-directional not exactly countercurrent

Question 14

a thin but powerful muscle that sits at the base of the ribcage and is essential for breathing

Answer 14

diaphragm

Question 15

during this, the diaphragm contracts, moving down in the thoracic cavity, causing lungs to grow in size, drawing air in

Answer 15

inhilation-active

Question 16

during this, the diaphragm relaxes, moving back to its original position. this causes lungs to shrink in size, pushing air out of them

Answer 16

exhalation-passive

Question 17

the respiratory cycle (inhalation and exhalation) results in changes in lung size or volume, which in turn changes pressure within the lungs(boyles law). what are the two pressures

Answer 17

air out=positive pressure
air in=negative pressure

Question 18

according to boyles law, increases in volume will result in

Answer 18

decreases in pressure

Question 19

according to boyle’s law decreases in volume will result in

Answer 19

increased pressure

Question 20

the relationship between pressure and volume can be described as

Answer 20

inverse

Question 21

how does the body monitor respiration (similar to how it monitors bp)

Answer 21

chemoreflex (baroreflex for bp)

Question 22

the chemoreflex is apart of the response of chemoreceptors (located in parts of brain responsible for breathing) which monitor:

Answer 22

O2 and CO2 in blood, info about mechanical stress on the lungs and muscles, infor about irritants (chemical or physical) in the resp tract

Question 23

these innervate the lung epithelium to detect stretching of the tissue and irritants

Answer 23

mechanoreceptors

Question 24

the 3 factors that determine binding affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen

Answer 24

-partial pressure of oxygen(Po) (high Po=increased O2 binding and low Po=decreased binding)
direct

-temperature of blood (high temp=decreased binding and low temp=increased binding)
inverse

-the ph of the blood (high ph=increased binding, low=decreased binding)
direct

Question 25

if a patient has a high body temperature what does this mean for hemoglobins binding affinity

Answer 25

low binding affinity for oxygen

Question 26

if hemoglobin has a low binding affinity for oxygen, then it is likely that there is a high concentration of _____ ____ in the blood

Answer 26

carbon dioxide

Question 26

what does carbonic acid do to the blood

Answer 26

decreases ph-more acidic (hence name)

Question 27

what do RBCs do to "buffer" this effect on ph

Answer 27

they convert carbonic acid to bicarbonate and water

Question 28

when blood ph< 7.4 from hypo-ventilating (not breathing)

Answer 28

blood acidosis-too much Co2 in blood

Question 29

when blood ph > 7.4 from hyper-ventilating (breathing too fast)

Answer 29

blood alkalosis-too much O2 in blood

Question 30

symptoms: acute attack coughing or wheezing short of breath chest tightness nonvisible symptoms: -excess mucus in lining -swollen airway lining

Answer 30

asthma treatment: albuterol inhaler which relax smooth muscles of airway to stop spasms

Question 31

a class of disorders that affect one's ability to breathe. typically, emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis for the basis of this diagnosis. more common in those who smoke symptoms: wheezing and coughing shortness of breath

Answer 31

COPD treatments: rescue inhaler (w/steroids sometimes)

Question 32

occurs when there is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs, specifically the alveoli which interferes with normal gas exchange. typically occur as a symptom to another disease (typically cardiovascular disease)

Answer 32

pulmonary edema

Question 33

symptoms: mild to severe difficulty breathing chest tightness and pain coughing fatigue can be detected with a chest x-ray and can be a symptom of altitude sickness (HAPE)

Answer 33

pulmonary edema treatments: using drugs for high bp such as diuretics

Question 34

a condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles (along with excess mucus production) AND accumulation of fluid in the alveoli interfering with gas exchange; typically caused by bacteria or viral infection

Answer 34

pneumonia

Question 35

symptoms: coughing with phlegm or pus fever and or chills difficulty breathing can be determined with: chest x ray or chest ultrasound

Answer 35

pneumonia- treatments depends on viral or bacterial and vaccine available as pre-emptive measure for people over 65

Question 36

viral disease with symptoms like: sore throat stuffy nose more severe respiratory symptoms neurological symptoms possibly

Answer 36

covid-19 from sars-coV-2

Question 37

treatments for covid

Answer 37

antibodies for sars-coV2, antivirals, supplemental oxygen, steroids, vaccines before infection