cardio vascular system

Question 1

What type of system is the CV system

Answer 1

Double circulatory

Question 2

What is pulmonary circulation

Answer 2

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the muscles and other tissues and pumps to lungs to be oxygenated

Question 3

What is systemic circulation

Answer 3

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the muscles and other tissues of the body

Question 4

What do arteries do

Answer 4

Take blood away from heart

Question 5

Properties of arteries

Answer 5

Think muscular wall and small lumen to cope with pressure
Branch into smaller arterioles

Question 6

What are capillaries

Answer 6

One cell thick to allow for gas diffusion

Question 7

What do veins do

Answer 7

Bring blood to the heart

Question 8

Properties of veins

Answer 8

Wide lumen, pocket valves to stop back flow
Branch into venules

Question 9

How are capillaries used in systemic circuit

Answer 9

Blood reaches capillaries surrounding the active muscle where o2 is delivered and co2 removed via gaseous exchange

Question 10

How are capillaries used in the pulmonary circuit

Answer 10

Surround lung tissue co2 is delivered and exchanged for o2 ready to go back to heart

Question 11

What is vascular shunt

Answer 11

The redirection of blood to the working muscles

Question 12

How is vascular shunt achieved

Answer 12

Blood vessels widen to increase blood flow to working muscles (vasodilation)
Non working muscles blood is limited by narrowing blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
Pre capillary sphincters can be opened or closed to control blood flow in specific areas

Question 13

What is vasodilation

Answer 13

The widening of blood vessels to allow increased blood flow

Question 14

What is vasoconstriction

Answer 14

The narrowing of blood vessels to restrict blood flow

Question 15

What is myogenic

Answer 15

It can generate its own electrical impulses and doesn’t require brain stimulation

Question 16

Is the heart myogenic

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What 4 stages can a heartbeat be split into

Answer 17

Atrial diastole
Ventricular diastole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole

Question 18

What is diastole

Answer 18

The heart relaxes and fills with blood

Question 19

What is systole

Answer 19

The heart is contracting and forcing blood around two circuits

Question 20

How is the cardiac cycle initiated

Answer 20

And electrical impulse

Question 21

What is the cardiac conduction system

Answer 21

Cardiac diastole
SA node fires
Impulse cause atrial systole
Impulse delayed at AV node (slows down to allow atrium and ventricle to contract)
Impulse passes bundle of his and bundle branches
Impulse passes purkinje fibres
Causing ventricular systole

Question 22

What does the blood consist of

Answer 22

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

Question 23

Functions of blood

Answer 23

Transport of gases and nutrients
Regulation of body temp (thermoregulation)
Protection and healing

Question 24

What is venous return

Answer 24

The flow of blood that returns to the heart via the venules and veins
Increases during exercise
65% total blood is stored in veins at rest

Question 25

What are the 4 stages of venous return mechanisms

Answer 25

Skeletal muscle pump Pocket valves Respiratory pump Cardiac suction

Question 26

What is skeletal muscle pump

Answer 26

When skeletal muscles compress the veins during movements the force blood back towards heart

Question 27

What are pocket valves

Answer 27

Pocket valves in the veins and venules assist venous return by stopping backflow

Question 28

What is respiratory pump

Answer 28

During inhalation the pressure inside thorax decreases compared to rest of body so a small flow of blood with go towards the chest During exercise ventilation increases so the pressure difference increases pulling more blood to the heart

Question 29

What is cardiac suction

Answer 29

As ventricles contract the atrioventricular valves are pulled down increasing atrium size This causes pressure difference between atria and veins so sucking of blood to the heart

Question 30

What is stroke volume

Answer 30

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle every beat

Question 31

What is cardiac output

Answer 31

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Question 32

Calculation for cardiac output

Answer 32

Stroke volume x heart rate (Q= SV x HR)

Question 33

When exercising does cardiac output increase

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

What does starlings law state

Answer 34

That cardiac output is dependent on the extensibility of cardiac muscle fibres Blood enters heart during diastole the tissue stretches, the greater the stretch the greater force of contraction so more blood So cardiac output increases during exercise not only due to heart rate but also venous return increases

Question 35

What is ejection fraction

Answer 35

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat - humans are not efficient so not all blood comes out of the heart each beat (at rest 55%) - during exersice starlings law explains why ejection fraction increases to 70% or more

Question 36

What is cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 36

The heart getting bigger and stronger

Question 37

What is cardio vascular drift

Answer 37

Drifting upwards of heart rate when exersicing at a constant work rate over prolonged period or in hot environment - sweating causes a decrease in blood volume nd venous return as plasma contain lots of water Heart rate increases to compensate for the lower SV and maintain cardiac output

Question 38

What is blood pressure

Answer 38

The force exerted by the blood on the inside walls of the blood vessels

Question 39

How is blood pressure measured

Answer 39

In the left brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer

Question 40

How does bp fluctuate

Answer 40

Higher when heart is contracting

Question 41

What do the two numbers on the heart rate machine mean

Answer 41

Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure

Question 42

Hypotension bp value

Answer 42

<80 <60

Question 43

Normal bp value

Answer 43

80-120 60-80

Question 44

prehypertension bp value

Answer 44

120-139 80-89

Question 45

Hypertension stage 1 bp value

Answer 45

140-159 90-99

Question 46

Hypertension stage 2 bp value

Answer 46

160+ 100+

Question 47

Hypertension crisis bp value

Answer 47

180+ 110+

Question 48

What are the main 2 factors that affect blood pressure

Answer 48

Blood flow (cardiac output) Peripheral resistance

Question 49

What factors go into peripheral resistance

Answer 49

Blood viscosity Blood vessels and length Blood vessels elasticity

Question 50

Effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure

Answer 50

Systolic pressure increase to up to 200 Diastolic pressure remains normal Once at a steady pace bp returns to normal (slightly raised)

Question 51

Effects of anaerobic exercise on blood pressure

Answer 51

Systolic and diastolic pressures increase dramatically softly due to athlete holding breath