Cardio W2

Question 1

Classification for hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 1

I: narrowing of arteriole, AV ratio >1:2
II: narrowing of arteriole, AV ratio <1:2/ AV nicking
III: bilateral soft exudates or flame haemorrhages
IV: Bilateral optic nerve oedema

Question 2

Secondary causes of hypertension

Answer 2

Hyperaldosteronism
Cushing's Syndrome
Coarction of the Aorta
Renovascular disease
Phaechromocytoma
Renal disease

Question 3

s3

Answer 3

early diastolic low frequency filling sound
physiological in the young
sign of LV systolic dysfunction in old

Question 4

s4

Answer 4

always pathological
blood filling against stiff LV wall
hypertension, aortic stenosis, LV hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 5

Clinical signs of hypertension

Answer 5

Loud 2nd aortic sound
4th heart sound
LV impulse
hypertensive retinopathy

Question 6

Signs of end-organ damage

Answer 6

renal failure
hypertensive retinopathy
cerebrovascular disease- stroke
cardiovascular disease- MI, HF