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5th year small animals > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What breed is predisposed to myxomatous degenerative valve disease (MDVD)

A

cavalier king charles spaniel
middle aged small breeds generally
cause is idiopathic

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2
Q

what are the three main cardiac diseases affecting dogs

A
  1. MDVD
  2. DCM
  3. ARVC
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3
Q

describe MDVD

A

nodular thickening of the valves leaflets mostly affecting the mitral valve. The chordae become lengthened or ruptured

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4
Q

what is the gross pathology of MDVD

A

LA and LV dilation from chronic volume overload leading to eccentric hypertrophy.
Thickened leaflets

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5
Q

what are the staging of MDVD

A

A=at risk
B1=murmur, no enlargement
B2=murmur, enlargement
C1=CHF, hospitalised
C2=CHF, at home
D1=refractory, hospitalised
D2=refractory, at home

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6
Q

what are diagnostics used to investigate MDVD

A

blood pressure
bloods: NT-proBNP levels increased by atrial stretch
ECG: P mitrale, tall R waves
echocardiographyw

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7
Q

what is the treatment for MDVD

A

pimobendan if in stage B2
Furosemide for stages C and D

*Once in CHF lifespan usually <1 year

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8
Q

Define canine dilated cardiomyopathy

A

A primary myocardial disorder characterised by dilation of all 4 cardiac chambers and reduced contractility

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9
Q

what breeds are predisposed to DCM

A

dobermans, grate dane

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10
Q

what is the gross pathology of DCM

A

all chambers enlarged but left ventricle mostly dilated.
mitral/tricuspid annulus stretched and pulled apart

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11
Q

what are the consequences of dcm

A
  1. reduced cardiac output
  2. RAAS+sympathetic activation
  3. increase in HR and contractility
  4. increase in oxygen demand and wall stress
  5. myocardial cell death
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12
Q

what is the treatment for DCM

A

Pimobendan and ace inhibitor.
furosemide added once CHF is started

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13
Q

what causes DCM in cats

A

taurine deficiency

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14
Q

What are the diiferences between MDVD and DCM

A
  1. MDVD has significant mitral regurg, DCM has mild
  2. DCM has reduced systolic function, MDVD has normal
  3. MDVD left atrium more enlarged than left ventricle. DCM left ventricle more enlarged than left atrium
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15
Q

Described Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

progressive loss of myocytes with fibrofatty replacement

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16
Q

what breeds are predisposed to ARVC

A

Boxer breeds
disease also known as boxer cardiomyopathy

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17
Q

what is the pathology of ARVC

A

right ventricular dilation with wall thinning

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18
Q

what are the three presentations of ARVC

A
  1. asymptomatic with VPCs
  2. Symptomatic with VPCs
  3. structural changes to the heart with arrythmias
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19
Q

how is ARCV diagnosed

A

holter monitor for 24hrs to measure the amount of VPCs.

20
Q

clinical sign of ARVC

A

syncope with very fast HR (>400BPM)

21
Q

what is the treatment for ARVC

A

anti arrythmics. most commonly sotalol

22
Q

What is the main cardiac disease seen in cats and which breeds predisposed

A

hypertrophic cardiomypoathy
maine coons

23
Q

what can be found in the pre clinical stage of HCM

A

murmur
arrythmias or diastolic gallops
increase NT-proBNP and/or troponin on bloods

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of HCM

A

dyspnoea due to CHF
Syncope
Open mouth breathing
Feline arterial thromboembolism (end stage)

25
Q

what is seen on echocardiography of HCM

A

marked concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle

26
Q

what are the staging of HCM

A

A=predisposed
B1=low risk, subclinical
B2=subclinical with atrial enlargement
C=CHF
D=refractory CHF

27
Q

what is the treatment for both asymptomatic and symptomatic HCM

A

asymptomatic: beta blockers, ace inhibitors, dilitiazem
symptomatic: furosemide, ace inhibitors, venodilators

28
Q

where does oxygenated blood go in a patient with PDA and what are the result of this

A

oxygenated blood goes from the aorta to the pulmonary artery
This causes volume overload of the LA and LV
continious murmur hear
tall R wave and P mitrale on ecg

29
Q

where is the murmur heard in a dog with aortic stenosis

A

harsh murmur heard with the severity correlating to grade of murmur.

30
Q

what are the consequences of aortic stenosis

A

syncope, exercise intolerance, weak femoral pulse.
pressure overload leads to concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle

31
Q

treatment for aortic stenosis

A

no treatment

do NOT give pimobendan

32
Q

describe the murmur heard in a dog with pulmonic stenosis

A

holosystolic murmur over pulmonic valve

33
Q

how does pulmonic stenosis appear on US

A

due to increased right ventricle pressure the septum is moved to the left. Therefore LV appears squashed

34
Q

what is the treatment for pulmonic stenosis

A

balloon valuvoplasty or surgical dilation

35
Q

what is unique about the murmur of a ventricular septal defect

A

murmur grade is inversley correlated to severity

36
Q

what are the consequences of VSD

A

left to right shunt, RV overload, pulmonary over circulation, CHF.
LA,LV,RV all enlarged on US

37
Q

what are the seven congenital defects of the heart

A
  1. VSD
  2. Aortic stenosis
  3. pulmonic stenosis
  4. PDA
  5. Mitral valve dysplasia
  6. tricuspid valve dysplasia
  7. vascular ring anomalies
38
Q

what are the four components of the tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. pulmonic stenosis
  2. dextraposed aorta
  3. VSD
  4. Dextraposed aorta
39
Q

what are the four organs mainly affected by hypertension

A
  1. occular
  2. heart
  3. CNS
  4. renal
40
Q

what is the treatment for hypertension

A

amlodipine
(Ca channel blocker)
add ace inhibitor if significant proteinuria

41
Q

what are virchows triad

A

blood stasis
hyper-coaguable states
damaged endothelium

(required for arterial thromboembolisms)

42
Q

what is a normal, prehypertensive, hypertensive and severee hypertensive BP

A

normal=<140mmHg
prehypertensive=140-159mmHg
hypertensive=160-179mmHg
severe=>180mmHg

43
Q

what is the normal amount of pericardial fluid present in ml/kg

A

0.25ml/kg

44
Q

what are causes of pericardial effusion in dogs and cats

A

dog=idiopathic, neoplastic
cat=CHF, FIP, infectious lymphoma

45
Q

what are the three neoplasia associated with pericardial effusion

A

heamangiosarcoma
mass associated with right atrium. rapid recurrence following pericardiocentesis. grave prognosis

chemodectoma
aortic body tumor. benign and slow growing, pericardioectomy to treat

mesothelioma
cellular level cancer, grave prognosis
multicavitary effusion

46
Q
A

5th year small animals (13 decks)

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