Cardiology

Question 1

Young athlete , with sudden onset cardiac symptoms

Answer 1

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Question 2

Common cause of death in HOC

Answer 2

Ventricular arrhythmia

Question 3

persistent ST elevation on ecg and no chest pain following recent MI

Answer 3

Left ventricular aneurysm

Question 4

Poor prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 4

reduced left ventricular outflow gradient

Question 5

Features of HOCM

Answer 5

young man with exertion dyspnea, echo: mitral valve regurgitation, asymmetric hypertrophy , systolic anterior motion of anterior mitral valve leaflet

Question 6

Features of right heart failure

Answer 6

ankle swelling , dyspnea , fatigue , hepatomegaly, JVP elevated , pan systolic murmur heard best at the left sternal border

Question 7

ECG findings in Right heart failure

Answer 7

Right axis deviation, exaggerated v waves

Question 8

Brugada syndrome

Answer 8

convex st elevation in v1-v3 , negative t waves and partial right bundle branch block

Question 9

Brugada syndrome

Answer 9

caused by mutation in myocardial sodium ion channel protein

Question 10

Causes of transudative pleural effusion

Answer 10

CHF, Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome, pericarditis, pulmonary embolism

Question 11

Causes of exudative pleural effusion

Answer 11

Infection, malignancy, connective tissue disorder, abdominal disorder e.g pancreatitis, chylothorax

Question 12

Best for investigating stable angina

Answer 12

CT coronary angiogram with contrast

Question 13

Mechanical valves , target INR

Answer 13

Mitral - 3.5 aortic -3.0

Question 14

Clinical features of aortic stenosis

Answer 14

ejection systolic murmur, carotid brut, dyspnea on exertion.

Question 15

Features of complete heart block

Answer 15

syncope, wide pulse pressure, JVP- cannon waves , variable intensity S1, bradycardia.

Question 16

Epstein’s anomaly

Answer 16

tricuspid regurgitation - holosystolic murmur - worse on inspiration

Question 17

To reverse bleeding with Dabigatran

Answer 17

Idarucizumab

Question 18

Atrial septal defect

Answer 18

Risk increased in children with Down syndrome
ejection systolic murmur worse on inspiration and fixed splitting of second heart sound on auscultation.

Question 19

Causes of drug induced lower lung fibrosis

Answer 19

Amiodarone

Question 20

Congenital LQT syndrome with deafness

Answer 20

Jervell and Lange Neilson syndrome (Autosomal recessive)

Question 21

Congenital LQT syndrome with no deafness

Answer 21

Romano-ward syndrome

Question 22

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Answer 22

T wave inversion in v1-v3 , epsilon wave form - notch at end of qrs complex

Question 23

Tetralogy of fallout

Answer 23

Pulmonary stenosis
right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
right ventricular hypertrophy
overriding aorta
right to left shunt

Question 24

Aortic stenosis causes

Answer 24

< 65 years - bicuspid aortic valve
> 65 years - calcification