Cardiology Flashcards
(143 cards)
True or false; echocardiography is used to detect CHF signs such as pulmonary edema
False. Echo utility: Structural defects Pericardial effusions FS% Blood Flow Pressure gradients (severity)
What can you assess with 2-dimensional mode of echo?
Valve structure, chamber structure
M-mode assesses what?
Heart movement over time
What do neither M-mode or 2-D mode assess?
Blood flow
What does doppler echo do and what is crucial for correct blood flow accuracy?
Evaluates direction and speed (spectral) and flow (color) of blood.
Alignment needs to be parallel to blood flow for accuracy
What are the two 2-D views we can look at the heart on echo?
Long (sagittal) and Short (transverse) axis
If we have a mushroom what view are we in?
Short axis LV view
Where are M-mode images obtained?
Short axis at the level of the LA (base), MV, LV
What can M-mode tell you?
Wall thickness, quality of contraction, fractional shortening (accurate measurements of systolic contraction) dilation, MV view can assess mitral valve motion and LV diastolic function
What is Fractional shortening %?
Difference between the Diastolic and Systolic dimensions, taken from the internal wall
LVDD-LVDS/LVDDx100
What is the normal Fractional shortening range in dogs? Cats?
Dogs: 25-40%
Cats: 35-50%
What does it mean if the FS% is small?
Poor systolic function
Doppler echo has two types: which is qualitative and which is quantitative?
Color flow- turbulence (qualitative)
Spectral- flow/speed (quantitative)
on color doppler echo, what does blue, red, green/yellow mean?
Blue: flow away from probe
Red: flow towards probe
Green/yellow: turbulence and high velocity
What can spectral doppler assess?
pressure gradient across a stenotic valve or shunt
calculate chamber pressures
- Modified Bernoulli Equation (4xvsquared)
-velocity is never overestimated (commonly underestimated if not parallel)
What is a normal aortic valve velocity?
1.5 m/sec
What is the normal pulmonic arterial velocity?
1.5 m/sec
Normal RA pressures?
2 - 8
Normal RV pressures?
(S) 15 - 30 / 2-8 (D)
What does the Bernoulli equation calculate?
chamber pressures difference, it can tell you severity of stenosis
E.g. PA vs RV pressures
Normal PA pressures?
(S) 15-30/4-12 (D)
Normal LA pressures?
2-10
Normal LV pressures?
(S) 100 - 140 / 3-12 (D)
Normal Aortic pressures?
(S) 100 - 140 / 60 - 90 (D)