cardiology Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 parts of mediastinum
A
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
- superior
2
Q
where is the anterior mediastinum
A
between sternum and fibrous pericardium
3
Q
what is found in the anterior mediastinum
A
thymus
4
Q
what does middle mediastinum contain
A
heart and parts of the great vessel
5
Q
what does the posterior mediastinum contain
A
- azygous vein
- sympathetic chain
- thoracic duct
- vagus nerve
- trachea
- 2 main bronchi
- thoracic aorta
- oesophagus
6
Q
what does the superior mediastinum contain
A
brachiocephalic veins
7
Q
what are the layers of the heart
A
- fibrous pericardium
- pericardial cavity
- visceral pericardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
8
Q
what is the fibrous pericardium
A
outer most layer
protective
9
Q
what is the fibrous pericardium lined by
A
parietal serous pericardium
10
Q
what does the pericardial cavity contain
A
pericardial fluid
11
Q
what is another name for visceral pericardium
A
epicardium
12
Q
what does visceral pericardium secrete
A
pericardial fluid
13
Q
what lines visceral pericardium
A
simple squamous epithelium = mesothelium
14
Q
what is myocardium
A
thick muscle layer
15
Q
what does myocardium contain
A
intercalated disc
16
Q
what is endocardium
A
inner endothelial lining
17
Q
what are the borders of the heart
A
- right lateral
- left lateral
- interior
- superior
18
Q
what is at the right lateral border
A
right atrium
19
Q
what is at the left lateral border
A
left ventricle
20
Q
what is at the inferior border
A
right ventricle
21
Q
what is at the superior border
A
great vessels
22
Q
what are the 3 surfaces of the heart
A
anterior
base
inferior
23
Q
where is apex of the heart
A
5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line on left side of chest
24
Q
look at diagram of vessels
A
look at diagram of vessels
25
where is the azygous vein
the neuromuscular bundle between the ribs
26
how is the neuromuscular bundle arranged
```
vein
artery
nerve
VAN
(superior to inferior )
```
27
what is contained in the neuromuscular bundle
intercostal veins
azygous vein
SVC
28
where does right lymphatic duct drain
into right venous angle
29
where does thoracic duct drain
left venous angle
30
what types of lymphatic vessels is there
deep and superficial
31
what are the lymph nodes in the lung
- tracheo-bronchial
| - bronchopulmonary
32
what is the cisterna chyli
swollen start of thoracic duct below the diaphragm
33
what are the 4 cardiac chambers
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- left atrium
- left ventricle
34
what does right atrium have at the top
auricle
35
what is the fossa ovale
remnant of foramen ovale
36
where is SA node located
right atrium
37
where are the papillary muscles
right ventricle
38
what do the papillary muscles attached to
chordae tendineae
39
what is the infundibulum
aka conus arterioles
| cone shaped outflow tract of right ventricle
40
which chamber has the thickest myocardium
left ventricle
41
what are the 4 heart valves
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
- mitral
- aorta
42
where is the tricuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
43
what valve is the tricuspid valve
AV
44
where is the pulmonary valve
between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
45
what type of valve is pulmonary valve
semilunar valve
46
where is the mitral valve
between left atrium and left ventricle
47
what type of valve is the mitral valve
AV valve
48
where is the aortic valve
between left ventricle and the aorta
49
what type of valve is the aortic valve
semilunar valve
50
what does shutting of AV valve produce
S1 (Lub)
51
what does shutting of semilunar valves produce
S2 (dub)
52
where is the chordae tendineae found
on tricuspid and mitral valve
53
what does chordae tendinae connect
valve to the papillary muscles
54
what does contraction of papillary muscles prevent
regurgitation of blood through the valves
55
where do you hear the aortic valve best
second right intercostal space
56
where do you heart the pulmonary valve best
second left intercostal space
57
where do you heart the tricuspid valve best
fourth left intercostal space at left lower sternal border
58
where do you heart the mitral valve best
fifth left intercostal space mid clavicular line
59
what is the route of blood flow
1. SVC
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonary valve
6. pulmonary arteries
7. lungs
8. pulmonary vein
9. left atrium
10. mitral valve
11. left ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. aorta
14. body
60
what are the main coronary arteries
- right coronary
- right marginal
- left coronary
- left circumflex
- left anterior descending
- left marginal
61
what is coronary sulcus for
venous drainage
62
what is the pattern of most patients blood
right dominant pattern meaning most of their heart is supplied by right coronary artery
63
what are the most common arteries affected by atherosclerosis
- LAD
- right coronary
- left circumflex
64
what leads of ECG are anteroseptal
V1-V4
65
what coronary artery is blocked in anteroseptal MI (V1-V4)
LAD
66
what leads are blocked in inferior MI
II
III
aVF
67
what coronary arteries are blocked in inferior MI
right coronary
68
what leads show anterolateral MI
V4-V6
| aVL
69
what coronary arteries are blocked in anterolateral MI
LAD/left coronary
70
what leads show lateral MI
I
aVL
V5-V6
71
what coronary arteries are blocked in lateral MI
left circumflex
72
what is CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
73
what is CABG used for
to restore blood flow to a coronary artery obstructed by atherosclerosis
74
what are commonly used grafts in CABG
- great saphenous vein
- radial artery
- internal thoracic artery
75
what is the phrenic nerve
C3,4,5
76
what is the phrenic nerve to diaphragm
somatic motor
77
what is the phrenic nerve to fibrous pericardium
somatic sensory and sympathetic axons
78
how does phrenic nerve travel compared to the heart
lateral
79
what does the phrenic nerve travel with
IVC
80
what riddle is used for phrenic nerve
C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive
81
what does the vagus nerve travel through the diaphragm with
oesophagus
82
what innervation is vagus nerve to mucous lining of larynx
somatic sensory
83
what are the branches of vagus nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve (right and left)
84
where does right recurrent laryngeal nerve go
hooks under subclavian
85
does the right recurrent laryngeal enter the chest
no
86
where does left recurrent laryngeal nerve go
hooks under arch of the aorta
87
does left recurrent laryngeal nerve go into the chest
yes
88
what position does patient need to be in for JVP to be evident
at 45 degrees lying down
89
what is characteristic of JVP
double pulsation
90
what outflow does sympathetic nerves have
thoracolumbar
91
what are the post-synaptic nerves of sympathetic chain
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
92
what outflow does the parasympathetic chain have
cranio-sacral outflow
93
what does cranio-sacral outflow travel with
III
VI
IX
X
94
where is somatic pain coming from
body wall
95
what kind of pain is somatic pain
sharp, localised pain
96
examples of somatic pain
- dermatome pain in shingles
- MSK pain
- pericarditis
- pleurisy
97
where does visceral pain come from
organ
98
characteristic of visceral pain
dull, poorly localised pain
99
examples of visceral pain
- MI
- oesophagitis
- ruptured aneurysm
- pancreatitis
