CardioPulm Flashcards

Question

PRE-LOAD

Answer 1

* Amount of blood that returns back the heart from the extremities and enters the heart chambers * Pre-load is also known as End-diastolic volume (EDV) Remember, CO = SV X HR

Answer 2

* Tissue ischemia * Diminished energy production * Hypoxemia Not able to supply enough oxygen to muscles Ischemia – decreased oxygen in the bloodstream leads to necrosis (infarction) when prolonged Diminished energy production because O2 is not getting around = no ATP which leads to anaerobic system and builds lactic acid (VO2 Max)

Answer 3

Increased Peripheral resistance increases afterload For example: vasoconstriction Leads to LEFT ventricular hypertrophy because it works harder. Space is very small and doesn’t hold enough blood What failure leads to R sided hypertrophy – Pulmonary hypertension.

Answer 4

–Angina (Chest Pain) –Back up of blood (Edema) –Cyanosis (decreased oxygenation) –Decreased Exercise tolerance (Fatigue) –Dyspnea (SOB)

Answer 5

Cor pulmonale (Right sided heart failure) Heaviness in lower extremities (edema) =congestive heart failure A: Venous Insufficiency B: seen with R sided edema (also called dependent edema) C: Seen with lymphedema (scleroderma, psoriasis, late stage 2,3 lymphedema with HARDENED SKIN) D: Would be seen Arterial Insufficiency. (Supine with hip flexion) Testing with arterial insufficiency.

Answer 6

Buergers test: supine with hip flexion and look at color Dependency: foot down and see how long blood gets back

Answer 7

If your in the left ventricle, backs up through mitral valve to atrium, to pulmonary veins, then to the lungs. Right side backs up into the body and extremities. Moderate to Severe Dyspnea Significant fatigue (muscular weakness) NOT ENOUGH O2 Reduced activity tolerance NOT ENOUGH O2 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea When pt lays down to sleep at night and wake up bc they feel like they’re drowning BC fluid is backing into the lungs Productive Spasmodic Cough (Pink Frothy) Starts to get crackles, and cough up the fluid L Sided heart failure = pulmonary edema.

Answer 8

Cyanosis (back up of deoxygenation blood) Ascites (Water retention into the abdominal region) Mild Dyspnea (Not circulating the flood properly, shortness of breath – mod to severe with Left) Dependent Edema (Pitting) – typically immediate Decreased activity tolerance – bad O2 flow Jugular vein distention – All your veins have more fluid Weight gain – Water retention Can Left sided heart failure result in dependent edema – CAN if it has progressed so much that it affects the Right as well. Won’t be severe

Answer 9

* Monitor for decreases in the patient’s blood pressure and changes in cognitive status to physician immediately * Decreasing BP with increasing workload should be reported immediately (Left ventricular pump dysfunction) * New EKG findings should be reported directly to the physician CONTACT PHYSICIAN - Significant changes in pt medical status When should you contact the nurse: Pain that affects moving forward with therapy

Answer 10

* RPE should range between 11 – 14 (Add 0 for heart rate) * Exercise intensity (40-60% HRmax) w/ longer warm-up & cool down * Exercise __ bpm below ischemic threshold * High Fowler’s position is recommended for Left sided CHF (20 inches above supine or more) * Legs kept in a dependent position is recommended for Right sided CHF

Answer 11

Betablockers – decrease heartrate ACE inhibitors - Dec hypertension, increase vasodilation Calcium Ch blockers – dec contractility Digitalis or Digoxin – NOT CA Ch Blocker – INCREASES contractility in the heart •Left Sided Heart Failure –Decrease Peripheral Resistance •Ace inhibitors –Lisinopril –Enalapril –Decrease Contractility •Calcium Channel Blockers –Amlodipine (Norvasc) –Diltiazem (Cardizem) •

Answer 12

**•Total Lung Capacity (5 – 6 L)** **•Residual Volume (1.1 L) - ONE LITER** **•Vital (Voluntary) Capacity (3.5 – 4.5 L)** * Tidal Volume (~0.5 L) * Expiratory Reserve Volume (~0.7) **•Functional Residual Capacity (AKA Expiratory & Residual Capacity) (1.8 L)** * Inspiratory Reserve Volume (1.9 L) * Inspiratory Reserve Volume (1.9 L) **FRV = ERV + RV** Vital Capacity Testing - * BREATHE ALL THE WAY OUT * BREATHE IN RIGHT NOW! BREATHE ALL THE WAY OUT

Answer 13

Hemoglobin – Does it matter right now? NO – 13-14; 12-16 FEMALE; 14-17 MALE LDL – Not important – A little high, normal is below 100 WBC – 4-10 or 5-11 is normal PaO2 – LOW – under 60 = hypoxemia PaCO2 – 25-45 HIGH Troponin – marker for myocardo infarction don’t want over .02 anywhere .01 is very significant A: Don’t have pH so can’t determine B: YES, when O2 is below 60, and CO2 is above 50 C: Not likely, it is in normal ranges. D: Don’t have a pH

Answer 14

•Pulmonary tests that measure lung volumes and capacities and gas flow rates –Forced vital capacity (FVC) •Maximum amount of air that you can actually move in and out of the lungs (3.5 – 4.5 L) –Step one: Exhale deeply –Step two: Take a maximum inhalation –Step three: Maximally exhale as quickly as possible

Answer 15

–Can be expressed as a fraction or percentage (FEV1/FVC or FEV1%) –Interpretation –FEV1/FVC \< .70 = Obstructive Condition –FEV1/FVC \> .80 = Restrictive Condition –FEV1% of greater than 80% indicates restrictive disease as long as FEV1/FVC is \> .70

Answer 16

Have to be obstructive. FEV1 Percentage = Severity on scale

Answer 17

* Umbrella Term that encompasses: * Emphysema * Chronic Bronchitis * Asthma * Bronchiectasis * Cystic Fibrosis • •Obstructive = difficulty getting the air out (i.e., difficulty expiring)

Answer 18

**•Patients 40-60, M \> F** * Pathophysiology * Loss of elasticity due to bronchial wall distention * Damage to the bronchial/alveolar walls due to inflammatory scarring Age: Adhesive cap MS Hyperthyroidism These are all female dominated Smoking – what does it do? Inflammatory, Vasoconstrictor. Creates inflammation inside the lungs, at the same time, lung tissue loses its elasticity. Stretches out alveoli. Baloons out. Alveoli is where gas exchange happens. O2 and CO2. Therefore not good passing. If CO2 doesn’t get out of the system = acidosis, respiratory acidosis O2 decreases, below 60 = hypoxemia, will need supplemental O2

Answer 19

• * Signs and Symptoms * Increase in chest A-P diameter (Barrel Chest) * Overdevelopment of scalenes & SCM * Tripoding is common * Cough with minimal sputum production • Late stage signs and symptoms can include muscle atrophy/wasting A-P diameter – Greater due to trapped air. Possibly that mucus trapping air. Or emphysema – walls are crinkled and air doesn’t get out well. Overactive accessory muscle – Can lead to thoracic outlet syndrome Tripoding – bend over in a triangular position to catch breath Specific muscles assisting in breathing better in tripod – Latissamus Dorsi – hooks to lower ribs and assist in opening rib cage in closed chain position What else causes – CO2 increased and trapped in the body alerts chemoreceptors – medulla in brainstem causes shortness of breath (a sensation); this explains hyperventilating. ABG – getting rid of CO2 = hyperventilating

Answer 20

* Increased air space on radiograph * Increased subcostal angle * What happens to the diaphragm position? If more decreased angle – restrictive. Diaphragm is bottomed out. Can’t take a deep breath.

Answer 21

**A: PFT – purpose is to tell you about condition (restrictive or obstructive) and severity** B: Can’t tell severity C: Not really how we determine emphysema D: Doesn’t confirm emphysema

Answer 22

• * Patients 60+ * Smoking or exposure #1 cause * Pathophysiology * Development of a chronic inflammatory process within the large and small airways * Overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells by overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells, increasing airflow obstruction Chronic = generally going on for greater than 6 months. Difference from emphysema = Age; and PRODUCTIVE COUGH production of mucus

Answer 23

• •Signs and Symptoms **•Wheezes and crackles (rales)** * Cyanosis * Obesity **•Chronic productive cough, can be purulent** -heard on late inspiration, early expiration What situation would you see crackles - it is that popping you hear. Overall, when someone has consolidation, fluid. - such as pulmonary edema, pneumonia, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis Wheezes - heard on expiration - Produced by narrow airways. - - Cyanosis due to low O2, increased CO2 - Blue bloaters – excessive weight gain, weight gain, cyanosis - Why cyanosis with this population. - Difficulty getting air out – holding onto too much CO2 LACK OF OXYGENATION EARLY ON EMPHYSEMA, holds onto CO2 and has oxygen problems later. Cronchitis has O2 issues right away

Answer 24

* Increased fluid in the lung spaces * Radiographic explanation for productive cough and abnormal breath sounds The prognosis for chronic bronchitis and emphysema is poor because these are chronic, progressive, and debilitating diseases. MORE CLOUDY and white and fluid within the lungs

Answer 25

When they just say COPD – generally saying emphysema and brochitis Just like using iontophoresis, what medication is being used - dexamethasone A: No, not for this patient B: You would, but not important for question C: Appropriate D: No

Answer 26

•Increased Residual Volume • •Increased Functional Residual Capacity • •Increased Total Lung Capacity FRC = RV + ERV

Answer 27

• * Impairments * Lung secretions / Dyspnea * Diminished activity tolerance/endurance * Decreased thoracic mobility • Why fatigue – decreased O2 – due to mucus blocking O2 – also malnourishment.

Answer 28

PaCO2 – normal is 35-45 so it is very high GOLD STAGE 4 A: TRUE B: TRUE; Sounds like drums, the bigger the louder. C: Do not expect this – would be GOLD stage 2 D: YES, Consistent \<60 O2 or \>50 CO2 – respiratory failure

Answer 29

• * 5-15 year olds * Inherited disease; autosomal recessive * Pathophysiology * Excessive production of thick, sticky mucus which blocks the airways in the lungs * The thick mucus also blocks the ducts in the pancreas which in turn blocks digestive pancreatic enzymes \_\_\_\_ Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands (exocrine glands) affecting mostly the lungs, liver, pancreas and intestine It is an endocrine condition – Endocrine means hormones that performs some function (ex. Estrogen, epinephrine, serotonin, etc.) What happens is mucus builds up and produced in endocrine glands, pancreas, liver, lung tissues. Keeps the glands from working properly. PANCREAS – islet cells are there and insulin release- also releases enzymes to break down fatty foods. FOUL smelling stools (not breaking down foods properly) – ALSO food cannot be absorbed and used so results in osteoporosis. Also, lung infections due to bacteria growing

Answer 30

* Signs and Symptoms * Persistent lung infections * Malnutrition, foul smelling stools * Poor growth and weight loss * Skin tastes like salt, excessive chloride secretion * Productive cough

Answer 31

* A High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation (HFCWO) Vest is a vest that is attached to an air pulse generator which rapidly inflates and deflates the vest. * Moves mucus to large airways **•Shouldn’t be used with intubated patients or post op patients; can dislodge the tubes** \_\_\_ * Arterial O2 saturation may drop during pulmonary exacerbations and use of this device. * Absolute contraindications for usage of HFCWO include an unstable head, neck, rib cage, or back injury, or an active hemorrhage. • •Airway clearance techniques should not be performed before or immediately after meals, so treatment must be scheduled to avoid mealtimes • * USED TO MOBILIZE MUCUS PLUGS – THESE ARE MUCUS THAT’S STUCK IN THE AREA. * They’re kind of hard – and stuck – how do we get that moving? * Steam or humidifier – Nebulizer * Vibration

Answer 32

* Handheld device that utilizes a stainless steel ball that vibrates back and forth, opening and closing the devices air hole, pulsing the air back into the airways. * Independent use some children and most adolescents/adults \_\_\_ Primarily used to vibrate to rattle the chest Flutter valve therapy typically last for 15 minutes and has been found to be as effective as postural drainage and percussion. \_\_\_\_\_ Not for pulmonary fibrosis unless there is mucus. **NOT FOR AGE UNDER 8** – WHY? There’s a learning curve. Better choice is to use the vest. Can't use it independently

Answer 33

CF and on corticosteroids – probably osteoporosis Safety is the key Corticosteroids can lead to osteoporosis and muscle atrophy A: Used, not most effective B: CAN BE USED – is it safe? NO, it’s firm pressure, contraindicated for Osteoporosis C: Not appropriate - contrainidcated D: YES! BETA Blocker – Slow down – high heart rate – older, overweight. Sometimes if they have an irregular rhythm, heart failure, in danger of heart attacks. Chest pain. Calcium channel blocker – Vasodialator, can slow heart rate.

Answer 34

Are the secretions stuck? Vibration and/or Percussion, The Vest, Flutter Device Does the patient need mobilization and clearance? ACBT, Autogenic Drainage Does the patient just need clearance? If so, how much assistance can they provide? Huffing/Coughing, Manually assisted cough, MI/E, suctioning

Answer 35

Clearance requires something else as well.

Answer 36

* Manual percussion consists of a rhythmical clapping with cupped hands over the affected lung segment in PD positions * NPTE Reminders: * No percussion with conditions/meds that create brittle bones, contusions, or blood thinning * Percussion is used for mobilizing restricted mucus not clear \_\_\_\_\_ TO MOBILIZE SECRETIONS Contraindicated: Corticosteroids, aspirin, coumadin, warfarin

Answer 37

* Vibration consists of placing the palmar aspect of the clinician’s hands in full contact with the patient’s chest wall. At the end of a deep inspiration, the clinician exerts pressure on the patient’s chest wall and gently oscillates it through the end of expiration. * NPTE Reminders: * More gentle than percussion but similar contraindications because of pressure provided \_\_\_\_ Put pt in postural drainage position – DEEP breath in. weight through affected area and oscillating during exhalation

Answer 38

•Sequence of maneuver used to mobilize mucus to larger airways and clear secretions • •Procedure: 1. Breathing control: The patient performs diaphragmatic breathing (through belly (abdomen)) at normal tidal volume for 5 to 10 seconds. 2. Thoracic expansion exercises: In a postural drainage position the patient performs deep inhalation with relaxed exhalation at vital capacity range. This inhalation can be coupled with or without percussion during exhalation. 3. Breathing control for 5 to 10 seconds. 4. Thoracic expansion exercises repeated three to four times. 5. Breathing control for 5 to 10 seconds. 6. Forced expiratory technique: The patient performs one to two huffs at mid to low lung volumes. The patient is to concentrate on abdominal contraction to help force the air out. The glottis should remain open during the huffing. •

Answer 39

* Sequence of maneuver used to mobilize mucus to larger airways and clear secretions * Procedure: * 3 rounds of shallow breathing * 3 rounds of medium volume breathing * 3 rounds of deep volume breathing • * NPTE reminder: * Difficult to teach \<8yo or cognitively impaired •

Answer 40

Pneumonia and persistent dry cough – doesn’t make sense – they have mucus plugs Tactile fremitus means that there is more vibration. This is telling me that there is consolidation and mucus plugs. A: NO, there is mucus plugs B: C: NO, there is mucus plugs D: YES

Answer 41

•A deep inspiration followed by a forced expiration without glottal closure. It is often used in post-op patient who find it painful to cough • Cough is a glottal closure. This is not, no pressure

Answer 42

* Active-assistive approach where the therapist places his or her hand on the child’s abdomen (just below the diaphragm). The patient takes a large breath in and holds it for 1 to 3 seconds. * The patient then attempts to cough as hard as possible while the therapist provides compression with an upward thrust in the direction of the diaphragm. * For Abdominal Weakness – someone that has a problem with forced expiration (coughing)

Answer 43

* Assisted Coughing Machine that adds in a high level of positive pressure followed by negative pressure to stimulate a cough * Typically added with a manually assisted cough for more effective removal of secretion

Answer 44

* Passive elimination of secretions through using a suctioning tube within the tracheostomy. * NPTE reminders: * All active options were exhausted * Patient has a tracheostomy * Suction tube should be with drawn using a rotational technique NOT pistoning * 5-10 second suction time

Answer 45

Roles of Diaphragmatic Breathing: improved oxygen saturation, resolution of atelectasis, lower anxiety, mobilization of secretions Obstructive Primary impairment: Obstructed airways Emphysema is condition, dyspnea is symptom A: For lobe collapse to fillup lungs; atelectasis B: For restrictive lung condition C: Yes, keep airways open longer D: No, doesn’t help with anything

Answer 46

Names: Nitroglycerin; Nitrostat Responsible for relaxing vascular smooth tissue; allows for vasodilation + venodilation MOA: Relaxes the veins and arteries PRIMARY ROLE: Vasodilation + venodilation (decreases preload) CONDITION: Angina (chest pain); Hypertension SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: 1. Dizziness/lightheadedness 2. Flushing 3. Headache - anytime you're changing blood pressure - can cause headache 4. Rebound Tachycardia - heart rate above 100 - decrease BP, heart senses that there is not enough blood around so it tries to compensate by increasing the rate

Answer 47

Names: (-xin) Lano**xin**; Digo**xin**; **MOA**: Opposite of Calcium Channel Blockers (which decreases heart contractility) Increases intracellular calcium - holds it in - therefore **increases force of contraction.** =\> Parasympathetic response - **decrease conduction through heart** Speed of signal to get from SA node to AV node increases - widened PR interval (AV node block) **PRIMARY ROLE**: Atrial Fibrilation, Atrial Flutter, Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) **Signs and Symptoms**: AV node block; Bradycardia (slowing conduction of the heart), Lethal Cardiac arrythmias (hyperkalemic -\> tall peaked T wave, and ventricles have a hard time relaxing; Rash - Digitalis actually come from a plant and pt may be allergic to it.

Answer 48

NAMES: Lasix (furosemide) - potassium wasting - Kypokalemia Spironolactone - potassium sparing - Hyperkalemia Thiazide/hydrochlorothiazide - potassium wasting - Kypokalemia \*\*K+ normal range = 3.5-5.0 MOA: Increase renal filtration increase amount of urine produced. PRIMARY ROLE Decrease water Rentention Decrease BP USES: Hypertension R CHF Water Retention (Cushings disease) SIGNS and SYMPTOMS Dizziness/light-headedness Dehydration Muscle cramps - decreased water and potassium in the bloodstream. Gout - Uric acid buildup - generally in the great toe - MTP (male) - solute gets left in the bloodstream.

Answer 49

A. Stabilizing finger on the left transverse process of T6 and mobilizing finger on the right transverse process of T5

Answer 50

B.Mobilizing finger on the right transverse process of C5 and stabilizing finger on the left transverse process of C6

Answer 51

A. Rectus capitus posterior major and minor

Answer 52

C. Grade 5, first rib, HVLAT

Answer 53

A.Eccentric strengthening of the rectus abdominus

Answer 54

Definition: egenerative changes of the spine (i.e., wear & tear) Why is this most likely occurring? Postural Instability •Pathophysiology ⚬Lower crossed Syndrome ⚬Poor posture ⚬Repetitive stress (i.e., lifting)

Answer 55

⚬Stretching ￭Rectus Femoris ￭Tight trunk extensors ⚬Strengthening ￭Gluteals ￭Abdominals

Answer 56

* Gases such as CO2 (acid) and O2 that are found in the body to sustain life * Measured by * Arterial Line ([Art]erial Blood Gas = [Art]erial line * CO2 is the primary regulator of ventilation * CO2 levels should be between 35 – 45 mmHg * O2 levels should be between 80 – 100 mmHg • pH * Specifies the acidity or alkalinity of the blood and should be between 7.35 – 7.45 (fatal levels 6.8 & 7.8) * Below 7.35 = ACIDOSIS * Above 7.45 = ALKALOSIS • * Also known as bicarbonate (base) and is conserved and produced by the kidneys. * HCO3- is a base and how the body increases the pH * Normal HCO3- levels should be between 22 – 26 meq/L •

Answer 57

•A condition when the lungs can't remove enough of the carbon dioxide (CO2) causing excess CO2(acid) in the body. • * The pH is less than 7.35 * The PaCO2 is \> 45 mmHg • * Signs & Symptoms (C.A.R.B.S) * Confusion * Agitation/Anxiety * Restlessnesss * Blurred Vision * Seizures

Answer 58

•A condition when the lungs remove too much of the carbon dioxide (CO2) causing deficient CO2(acid) in the body. • * The pH is more than 7.45 * The PaCO2 is \< 35 mmHg • * Signs & Symptoms (N.O. C.A.R.D.S) * Numbness and Tingling\*\* * Orthostatic Hypotensive\*\* * Confusion * Anxious\*\* * Rapid Breathing\*\* * Dizziness * Seizures Pain Hyperventilation

Answer 59

•A condition when the kidneys are not producing enough HCO3- (base) causing an excess amount of acid in the body. • * The pH is less than 7.35 * The HCO3- (base) is \< 22 meq/L • * Signs & Symptoms (S.H.A.M.E.D) * Stupor * Hyperkalemia * Arrhythmias * Muscle Twitching * Emesis * Decreased Cardiac Output/Contractility DKA Renal Failure

Answer 60

•A condition of deficit H+ in body leading to excess production of HCO3- by the kidneys. • * The pH is more than 7.45 * The HCO3- is \> 26 meq/L • * Signs & Symptoms (T.T.T.T) * Tetany * Tachycardia * Tremors * Tingling **Excessive Vomiting** **Excessive Antacids** **Diuretics**

Answer 61

* Uncompensated * When the pH remains out of normal range * pH = \< 7.35 or \> 7.45 * Compensated (Fully compensated) * When the pH is within normal range but both PaCO2 and HCO3- are out of range * Partially Compensated * When pH is near normal but still out of range and both PaCO2 and HCO3- are out of range ROME - Respiratory = Opposite, Metabolic=Equal

Answer 62

* Step 1: Assess the scene for safety * Step 2: Check for responsiveness (tap shoulder’s and shout “are you okay?” * Step 3: Look for normal breathing and carotid pulse (look for normal chest rise and fall) * Step 4: Call for help (call 9-1-1 or send someone else/AED) * Ensure the patient is lying on a firm, flat surface facing upwards * Step 5: If not breathing and unresponsive start CPR •

Answer 63

C.Check for breathing and a pulse

Answer 64

ADULT •Step 1: Give 30 compressions @ 2 inch depth & 100 per minute CHILD 1yo-8yo •Step 1: Give 30 compressions @ 2 inch depth & 100 per minute INFANT * Step 1: Give 30 compressions (2 fingers) @ 1.5 inch depth & 100 per minute * Step 2: Give two rescue breaths (Head tilt chin lift) (cover nose and mouth)

Answer 65

Absolute indications for termination * Drop in SBP of \>/= 10 mmHg with an increase in work rate * Patient must have additional signs of ischemia * \>/= 3/4 on Angina Scale * Signs of poor perfusion * (i.e., cyanosis, pallor) * Neurological Symptoms * (i.e., syncope, dizziness ataxia) * Patient requests to stop ETT * Sustained V-TACH * Rapid progression to V-Fibrillation * \>/= 1mm ST segment elevation without diagnostic Q waves * Current MI vs. Prior MI

Answer 66

Posterior Segments: Right & Left * Bed level, patient leaning forward over pillow 30 degrees * Drains upper lobe Procedure (lower ribs close to the spine) •Therapist stands behind and claps over upper back on both sides. Apical Segments: Right & Left * Bed level, patient sitting upright leaning back 30 degrees * Drains upper lobe Procedure •Therapist claps between clavicle and scapula on either side

Answer 67

Anterior Segment: Right and Left •Bed is level and patient in supine Procedure •Therapist claps between clavicle and nipple on either side

Answer 68

Upper Lobe Singular Segments: Left Only * Foot of bed elevated (16”) - Trendelenburg * Drains lower lobe * Right side-lying ¼ turn backwards Procedure * Therapist claps over \*\*left\*\* nipple area * Therapist uses heel of cupped hand under armpit with finger extended underneath the breast (females)

Answer 69

Middle Lobe: Right Only * Foot of bed elevated (16”) - Trendelenburg * Drains lower lobe * Left side-lying ¼ turn backwards Procedure * Therapist claps over right nipple area * Therapist uses heel of cupped hand under armpit with finger extended underneath the breast (females)

Answer 70

Anterior Basal Segments: Right & Left * Foot of bed elevated (20”) - Trendelenburg * Drains lower lobe Procedure (lower ribs) •Patient lies directly on side in a side-lying position

Answer 71

Lateral Basal Segments: Right & Left * Foot of bed elevated (20”) - Trendelenburg * Drains lower lobe Procedure (uppermost portion of lower ribs) •Patient lies on abdomen then rotates 1/4 turn upward (backward) Posterior Basal Segments: Right & Left * Foot of bed elevated (20”) - Trendelenburg * Drains lower lobe Procedure (lower ribs close to the spine) •Patient lies on abdomen, head down, with pillow under hips.

Answer 72

Superior Segment: Right & Left * Prone over two pillows - Head Down * Drains lower lobe * Allows for easier access to appropriate parts of posterior lung field Procedure * Patient lies prone on abdomen with two pillows underneath hips * Striking occurs a tip of the scapula on either side of the spine

Answer 73

85% A patient's maximum heart rate is determined by subtracting the patient's age from 220. 85% of the obtained value is often used as the maximum heart rate for submaximal exercise testing.

CardioPulm Flashcards

(106 cards)