Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MC II Exam 3 > Cardiopulm Issues Across Lifespan > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Issues Across Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

Normal HR for Adult vs Infant

A

Adult 60-70 BPM, Infant 110-160 BPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal BP for Adult vs Infant

A

Adult 120/80 Infant 75/50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal RR for Adult vs Infant

A

Adult 12/min infant 30-40/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal Tidal Volume for Adult vs Infant

A

Adult 500 ml, infant 20 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal PaO2 for Adult vs Infant

A

Adult 95mmHg, infant 75-80mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal PaCO2 for Adult vs Infant

A

Adult 40mmHg, infant 33mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal pH for Adult vs Infant

A

Adult 7.40, infant 7.33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the equation for HRR?

A

HRR=

RHR + (50- 85%)(Max HR – RHR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

From childhood to adolescence/ adulthood what happens to VO2max?

A

Generally VO2max increases through childhood to adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

As people age, what happens to resting HR and maximal HR?

A

resting HR increases

HR max decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to alveoli as people age?

A

with age the alveoli get larger and fewer in number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

From a respiratory viewpoint, what patient population do people start to look like with advanced age?

A

COPD patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does aging affect these respiratory factors?: FEV1, FVC, TLC, vital capacity, functional respiratory capacity, residual volume, DLCO/VA

A

FEV1 - decreased, FVC - decreased, TLC - unchanged, vital capacity - decreased, functional respiratory capacity - increased, residual volume - increased, DLCO/VA - increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to elastic recoil of lungs as we age?

A

Decreases, therefore muscles have to work harder to fully exhale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is the work of breathing greater for an older individual compared to a younger individual?

A

Yes, older individual works harder to breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What contributes to a decrease in chest wall compliance? (“thoracic rigidity”)

A

Calcification of intercostal cartilage.
Arthritis of costovertebral joints.
↓ contribution of intercostal muscle to effective ventilation.“thoracic rigidity”
↓ diaphragm strength/ force generation
↓ MIP & ↓ MVV
Age related decline in Type II fibers combined with atrophy

17
Q

Functional consequences of respiratory changes with aging?

A

Increased energy expenditure for breathing (O2 cost of breathing; ↑ work of breathing)
Decreased gas exchange efficiency
↑ risk of hypoxemia
Increased ventilation compared to younger at same work loads
? Related to ↑ dead space (VD/ VT)
Altered lung & chest wall mechanics - ↑ stiffness/ ↓ compliance
Altered V/Q relationships

Diminished cough reflex
↓ pulmonary defense
Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

18
Q

As we age the arteries become stiffer (less compliant). What happens to the left ventricle in an older person?

A

becomes thicker b/c of decreased artery compliance and resultant increased after-load.

19
Q

The 4 determinants of myocardial aging?

A

preload, afterload, heart rate, contractility

20
Q

What factors make up TPR (total peripheral resistance)?

A

pulmonary vascular resistance + systemic vascular resistance

21
Q

What is more accurate max heart rate estimation for elderly than 220-age?

A

220-age + 15.

22
Q

what is the advantage of using the cardiac index?

A

It normalizes the cardiac output measurement for body size.

23
Q

What happens with Aging and factors of the cardiac muscle?

A 
↑ LV wall  thickness
↓ myocyte #
↑ lipid deposition; ↑ fibrosis & collagen
↓ heart compliance
Impact on filling ???
“diastolic dysfunction”
24
Q

What happens with Aging and factors of the cardiac valves?

A

↑ thickness & calcification
Alters filling & ejection
Afterload stressor

25
Q

What happens with Aging and factors of the cardiac conduction system?

A

↑ atrophy and fibrosis
↓ # of SA node pacemaker cells
↑ risk of dysrhythmia
~ 10% of population >70 y/o have atrial fibrillation

26
Q

What happens with aging and the vascular system?

A 
Large arteries dilate
↓ dilatation reserve 
↑ arterial stiffness (↓ arterial compliance)
intima:   ↑ heterogeneity of endothelial cell
subendothelial wall thickens
media:  ↑ size of smooth muscle layer
↑calcification & collagen deposition
Fragmentation & atrophy of elastin
HTN
↑ LV hypertrophy/ heart failure
27
Q

What happens with aging and the heart rate factors?

A

resting HR w/o change
↓ maximal HR
HR is ↑ @ submaximal workload (compared to younger)
↑ risk of ECG abnormalities

28
Q

What happens with aging and the stroke volume factors?

A

SV tends to ↓ as a function of age

29
Q

What happens with aging and loading conditions of heart?

A

preload: ↓ early diastolic filling
↑ atrial contribution
“diastolic dysfunction”

30
Q

What happens with aging and afterload?

A 
Afterload: ↑ resistance to outflow from LV	
↑ BP/ HTN
↑ predominately in SBP
related to: 
↑ TPR   aortic stiffness
↓ peripheral vascular bed
may result in ↓ SV & CO
 ventricular hypertrophy
31
Q

What are some neurohumoral changes in the heart with aging?

A

Sympathetic nervous system activity increases
↑ circulating catecholamines
Parasympathetic nervous system activity decreases

↓β- adrenergic responsiveness
Blunted post-synaptic responses
? ↑ α-adrenoreceptor responsiveness

Baroreceptor sensitivity decreases
↑ orthostatic intolerance/ ↑ risk of postural hypotension/ syncope

32
Q

What cardiac factors have a training response in elderly people?

A

max HR doesn’t change much. Can increase cardiac output with increase in stroke volume

33
Q

What factors do we need to change for exercise prescription in Elderly?

A

↑ warm up time/ ↑ cool down time required
↑ time required to reach physiologic steady state

↓ responsiveness of cardiovascular system
↓ fitness levels

34
Q

What are benefits of exercise in elderly?

A

↑ in VO2 max
↑ CO; ↑ SV

Resting CV Function:
? ↓ in resting HR & BP

Submaximal Workloads:
↓ HR & BP @ submax workloads
? ↑ EF/SV

Peripheral changes
↑ (A-V) O2 difference
↑ muscle mass; ↑ capillary density; ↑ aerobic enzymes

MC II Exam 3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions