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Cardiopulmonary Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

Pericardium

  • fluid filled sac
  • protects from trauma and infection
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2
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

Epicardium

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3
Q

What is the muscle layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

What is the inner most layer of the heart containing valves, vessels and chordae tendineae?

A

Endocardium

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5
Q

What are the upper airways in the pulmonary system?

A

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

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6
Q

What are the lower airways in the pulmonary system?

A

Trachea

Brochii

Lungs

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7
Q

What is lung parenchyma?

A

Portion of lung involved in gas exchange

Right lung (3 lobes)
Left lung (2 lobes)
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8
Q

What does the upper airway do?

A

Humidifies and filters air

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9
Q

When air passes through the larynx does it cause the vocal chords to vibrate creating sound?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What does the epiglottis flap do?

A

Flaps over pharynx to prevent aspiration into the larynx and trachea

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11
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli to remove CO2 and reoxygenate

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12
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Capillaries

O2 crosses from alveoli to capillaries via diffusion and binds with hemoglobin

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13
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Inspiration and expiration

Occurs through pressure changes between the inside and outside of the body

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14
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Outside pressure greater than lung pressure

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15
Q

What is expiration?

A

Lung pressure is greater than outside pressure

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16
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries

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17
Q

Where is the first line of defense in the pulmonary defense system?

A

Upper airway

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18
Q

What are other defense mechanisms of the pulmonary defense system?

A

Cough

Mucus

Immune system (phagocytosis)

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19
Q

What is a pulse rate?

A

of times heart beats per min

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20
Q

What is the blood pressure?

A

Force of blood pushing against the artery walls

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21
Q

What is O2 saturation?

A

% measure of the amount of O2 the blood is carrying

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22
Q

What is the normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?

A

Systolic- less than 120

Diastolic- less than 80

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23
Q

What is the prehypertension systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?

A

Systolic- 120-130

And

Diastolic- 80-90

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24
Q

What is the high blood pressure stage 1 systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?

A

Systolic- 140-159

Or

Diastolic- 90-99

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25
What is the high blood pressure stage 2 systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?
Systolic- 160 or greater Or Diastolic- 100 or greater
26
What is the leading cause of men and women?
Heart disease
27
How many Americans have some form of CVD (cardiovascular disease)?
Greater than 80 mil
28
What is the major determinant if impaired function and disability of coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Angina (severe pain)
29
What is the treatment of CHD?
Lowering cholesterol Weight reduction Stop Smoking Pharmaceutical intervention Treatment in hospital - PCI - CABG
30
What are psychological and vocational implications of CHD?
Psychosocial stress syndrome Depression Type A personality Denial Economic loss Reemployment
31
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Weakened heart muscle unable to pump blood efficiently Over time heart chamber enlarges and less sufficient Causes blood to back up (congest) in venous system Tissues become overloaded (edematous) 5.1 mil Americans 15 mil worldwide
32
What are risk factors for CHF?
CAD most common cause of CHF Hypertension Previous damage to heart from MI valvular disease Congenital disease Obesity Stress Thyroid disease Congenital defects Cardiomyopathies- hereditary disease of heart muscle harder to deliver blood throughout the body
33
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
Heart attack Occluded blood flow causes the heart muscle tissue to be w/o O2 Leading cause of death in US 4-8 week for heart muscle to heal depending on severity
34
What are risk factors of MI?
High BP Diabetes Smoking Sedentary lifestyle Alcohol
35
What are some symptoms in MI?
Chest pain Cold sweats Nausea Vomiting *different in women
36
How can you manage an MI?
Aspirin Nitroglycerin Coronary angioplasty Stop smoking Increase exercise
37
How can you determine the extent of damage from MI?
Location Length of time Presence of collateral circulation
38
What are some therapy contraindications?
Active signs and symptoms of MI Active infection Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Digoxin toxicity Uncontrolled arrhythmias Severe CHF recent pulmonary embolism Abnormal vital signs or blood counts
39
What is hypertension?
High BP 140/90 Secondary hypertension caused by coexisting condition 29% US adults Prevalent in African American females Asymptomatic Causes damage to kidneys/ heart Use diuretics
40
What are arrhythmias?
Irregularity in rate/ rhythm due to conduction disturbance Benign to serious Caused by drug toxicity Electrolyte/ acid-base imbalance Heart disease/ hypertension Congenital defects Connective tissue disorder
41
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
42
After SA node where does the impulse travel?
AV node and then the purkinje fibers of the ventricles
43
What is normal resting heart rate (HR)?
60-100 bpm
44
What is bradycardia?
Less than 60 bpm
45
What is tachycardia?
Greater than 100 bpm
46
What is asystole?
Absent of any cardiac activity = death
47
What is fibrillation?
Uncoordinated, extremely rapid and irregular contraction of the atria or ventricles
48
What is atrial fibrillation?
Most common arrhythmias HR can be as high as 350-600 bpm Chronic- can be treated with meds or shock
49
What is an atrial flutter?
250-350 bpm Rapid, irregular HR Saw tooth pattern in EKG Treated with meds & / or atrial pacing or cardio version Potential issue after cardiac surgery or MI
50
What is the bpm for ventricular HR?
20-40 bpm
51
What is ventricular tachycardia?
HR greater than 100 bpm Differ therapy Can be caused by heart disease or acute MI
52
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Serious condition that can lead to cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death
53
What is premature ventricular contraction (PVCs)?
Irregular rhythm but normal HR (60-100 bpm) May be triggered by caffeine, stress, smoking, digitalis toxicity, heart disease, MI
55
What is the bpm for supraventricular tachycardia?
150-250 bpm
56
What is the bpm for the SA node?
60-100 bpm
57
What is the bpm for the AV node?
40-60 bpm
58
What is stenosis in a valvular disease?
Poor blood flow due to narrowing
59
What is regurgitation in a valvular disease?
Leakage (backflow) die to poor valve closure
60
What is prolapse in a valvular disease?
Affects mitral valve cusps Leaflets bulge into left atrium Can lead to serious issues like regurgitation
61
What is the respiratory rate?
of breaths per min
62
What are causes of valvular disease?
Endocarditis- bacterial infection of endocardium and calves Rheumatic fever Congenital heart disease Cardiomyopathy- disease of myocardium Aortic root dilation- aneurysm Atherosclerotic heart disease Connective tissue disorder- Marfan syndrome

Physical Conditions (14 decks)

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