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NRSG 258 PATHO > Cardiovasc. Alterations > Flashcards

Cardiovasc. Alterations Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

varicose veins

A

enlarged veins, pooling of blood in veins
risk- female, obesity, preg, age, DVT
results- large veins
treatment- elevations, compression, surgery

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2
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A

incl. varicose v
causes- venous stasis ulcer, dec v return for long time, bad v valves
results- edema lwr extrem, hyperpig, itching
treatment- massage, compression, legs above heart

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3
Q

DVT

A 
deep vein thrombosis
vein inflammation with clot formation
vein obstruction
causes- cancer, immob, preg, cancer, heart failure, trauma
results- edema, pain, warm
* considered med emergency
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4
Q

hypertension- primary

A

elevated bp

risks- diet, inc Na, obesity, insulin resist, inflamm

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5
Q

hypertension- secondary

A

results- inc periph. vasc. resistance and dec cardiac o

causes- hormone imbalance, overactive adrenal gland (cortisol), adrenocortical/medull. tumors, drugs

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6
Q

hypertension- complicated

A

organ-specific damage (kid, heart, eyes, brain, lwr extremities)
results- inc p in heart = L heart failure (ischemia)
atherosclerosis, renal failure

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7
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

dec bp systolic and diast.
lack blood in upper body, can’t compensate for change in gravity
causes- starvation, meds, exhaus, dec cerebral blood flow (blurred vision)

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8
Q

aneurysm

A

local dial of blood vessel wall
most common in aorta
causes- arthrosclerosis
results- pain, hemodynamic changes

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9
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot attached to vessel wall

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10
Q

emboli

A

detached blood clot
id by location
circulates in blood
ex.- air bubble, bac, cancer cell, fat, or amniotic fluid

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11
Q

thromboembolism

A

thrombus w/ emboli complication

mobile blood clot from prexisting clot

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12
Q

raynaud phenomenon

A

vasospasm sm arteries and arterioles
risk- females
causes- cold temp and stress
results- changes skin color and sensation
finger pain, numbness, cyanosis
treatment- stress reduction, underlying problem

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13
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

wall thickening
stiffens arteries and loss elasticity
sm musc cell and collagen go into tunica media
creates plaque accumulation
risks- age, gender, genetics, diab, smoking, obesity, hyperten
results- dec perfusion
treatment- weight loss, inc exercise, diet, dec na intake, antilipidemic drugs, dec hypertension

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14
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

high conc. fat in blood

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15
Q

atherosclerosis

A

happens after arteriosclerosis
plaque on walls- inflamm, macroph adher, fatty streak, fibrous plaque
results- coronary artery dis.

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16
Q

coronary artery disease

A

plaque build-up in coronary walls
(vessel narrows, M ischemia)
risks- hyperlipidem, hyperten, diabetes, obesity, stress, infection, thrombus

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17
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

no o2 bc no blood supply
w/in 10 seconds occlusion
cells good for 20seconds w/out o2 then die
results- dysrhythmias, heart failure, altered conduction, death

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18
Q

factors that inc 02 demand

A

hypertension, inc ventricle vol, l vent. hypertrophy, tachycardia, inc myocard contraction

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19
Q

factors that dec o2 supply

A

inc resistance coronary vessles, hypoten, dec blood vol,

dec preload, dec 02 in blood, dec blood flow or o2 available

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20
Q

stable (classic) angina

A

bc of MI (narrowing and stiff of arterial walls)

results- pain 3-5 min with activity

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21
Q

prinzmental (varient) angina

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A

vasospasms at rest (uncontrollable)

causes- hyperact sympath system, inc calcium in arterial sm musc, impaired release prostaglandins

22
Q

silent angina

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A

asymptom
causes- dec afferent nerve innerva, dec local inflamm, mentral stress
inc coronary artery constriction

23
Q

unstable angina

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A

occurs at rest, severe pain

starts w/ artheroscler., plaque build up, thrombosis, acute ischemia, cell necrosis w/ ca2+ entry

24
Q

MI

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A

heart attack myocardial infarction
inadeq perfusion, tissue damage
cause- coronary arter blockage (rupture of artherscl. plaque)
results- chest pain (radiate to L side)
nausea, palpitat, diaphoresis, anxiety, fever (24hrs)
treatment- supplem O2, coronary a bypass graft (CABG), meds

25
MI pathological changes
temporary loss contractility monocyte hypertrophy reperfusion
26
MI hemodynamic changes
dec contractility dec L ven compliance dec stroke vol and ejection fraction inc L ven. end diastolic P
27
pericarditis
inflamm pericardium causes- viral infection, idopathic, MI, trauma, radiation, CT disease results- fever, retrosternal chest pain
28
pericardial effusion
abnorm accum fluid in pericard cav= inc P causes- infection, heart surgery, trauma, MI,chemo results- muffled heart sounds, faint apical pulse, dyspnea, chest pain, pulsus paradoxus (dec stroke vol and dec cardiac o) treatment- pericardiocentesis (drain fluid w needle) or shunt
29
cardiomyopathy
dec myocard tissue contraction | abnorm rhythms
30
aortic stenosis
valve btw L vent and aorta narrows | in resisitance P, L ven hypertrophys
31
mitral stenosis
valve btw L atria and L vent. | during diastole
32
valvular regurgitation
valves leak and allow backflow of blood
33
mitral regurg
most common valve doesnt close after contraction blood backs up into L atrium from L vent
34
tricuspid regurg
not close during systole blood back to R atria from R vent asymptomatic
35
dysrhythmia
disturbed heart rhythm causes- abnorm conduction, abnorm rate of impulse generation results- tachycardia, premature atrial/vent constrictions
36
endocarditis (inc patho)
infection endocardium (can involve valves) cause- bac, IV, surgery, prev. valvular dis treatment- antib, valve replacement patho- inflamm = fibrogin and thrombin stick to walls or each other (endocardial vegetations)
37
congestive heart failure CHF
ischemia, dec ejection ability types- L (systolic v diastolic), R and high output treatment- stop smoking, light exercise, meds, dec NA causes- MI, valvular or ischemia dis, hyperten, cardiomyopathy (musc thickening)
38
left sided heart failure
signs- hypoxia (cyanosis), dyspnea, crackles in lung, pulmonary edema
39
left sided heart failure- systolic
cant pump hard enough dec cardiac output vent remodeling causes- MI,cardiomyopath, myocarditis
40
left sided heart failure- diastolic
cant fill enough, low total Vol reduced preload, pulm congestion causes- diab, ischemia, valvular/pericard dis, myocardial hypertrophy, aortic stenosis
41
right sided heart failure
dec venous P to pulm circuit causes- prolonged L heart failure results- dependant edema, jugular venous distention, enlarged liver, ascites (accum fluid periotneal cavity) signs- flushed face, headache, visual disturbances
42
high output failure
inability heart supply metabolic needs normal-high contractility causes- anemia/hypoxia, sepsis (vasodil), hyperthyroidism
43
shock
cardiovasc not supply blood to tissues, impaired cellular metab patho- dec circ vol, anaerobic metab, muscle wasting, cannot remove waste
44
cardiogenic shock
dec cardiac o, (bc vent failure) Irreversible!!! results- dec mental act, pulm/systemic edema, hypotension, dyspnea, oliguria (sm urine amnts)
45
hypovolemic shock
``` dec vol (hemorr/ dehydra) Na dilution results- inc systemic vasc resistance, poor skin turgor, thirst, dec preload, faint/fast pulse ```
46
septic shock
dec tissue o2 and perfusion bc of infection vasodil from inflam response results- hypotension, dec myocard contract, lactic acidosis, pulm congestion MED EMERGENCY
47
MODS (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome)
2+ organ failure, inflamm response to injury/illness
48
pulm circuit
pulm arteries to vein
49
systemic circuit
aorta to vena cava
50
flow of blood
infer/superior vena cava, R atria, tricuspid, R ven, pul semilunar valve, pul trunk, pul, arteries, lungs pulm veins, L atria, mitral/ bicuspid valve, L ven, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta, body

NRSG 258 PATHO (3 decks)

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