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NRSG 258 PATHO > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cellular alter.

cell functions

A

movement (musc. cells), conductivity, metab. absorption, secretion/excretion, respiration, communication (ex. gap function)

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2
Q

Plasma membrane fun-

A

cell recognition, cellular mobility, mol mvmnt, storage

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3
Q

plasma mem- transportation

A

intra-extracellular mvmnt (pumps, surface markers + catalyze rxns)

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4
Q

cell to cell adhesions- 3 ways

A

extracellular matrix, plasma mem, specialized cell junctions

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5
Q

cell to cell adhesions- extracellular matrix materials

A

collagen (tensile strength), elastin (stretching), fibronectin (anchorage)

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6
Q

cell to cell adhesions- spec. cell junctions

A 
tight seal (tight jun, prevents leakage)
mechanical attach (adherence)
chem comm (gap junction, sm ion mvmnt)
cellular polarity (tight)
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7
Q

cellular comm- types

A

plasma mem receptor
intracellular recep (remote signaling)
contact signaling via gap jun.

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8
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion- (high con to low, down conc gradient)
filtration- “hydrostatic p”, (mvmt h20 and solution)
osmosis- water across selec. perm mem. (h20 potential)

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9
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

against conc. gradient

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10
Q

tonicity

A

effec. osmolarity of sol.
hypotonic sol- more diluted
hypertonic sol- more conc.
isotonic- equal to ICF and ECF

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11
Q

Atrophy

A

age related
due loss blood supply
cells shrink

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12
Q

hypertrophy

A

cells inc size

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13
Q

hyperplasia

A

cells inc in #

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14
Q

dysplasia

A

dearranged cell growth

persistent or severe

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15
Q

metaplasia

A

replace one cell type w/ another

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16
Q

necrosis- types

A

cell death
breakdown of cell (autolysis)
coagulative (acciden. , frm hypoxia)
liquefactive (bac/fungal infec., puss)
caseous (soft white appear., pink surr by grey)
fatty (cell dissolution from lipids)
gangrenous ( potenti. deadly, can be dry, wet or gas related)

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17
Q

somatic death- postmortem changes

A 
name, mortis
algor- dec temp
liver- purple color
rigor- stiffness
autolysis- brkdown endogenous substances
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18
Q

h20 mvmnt btw plasma and interstitial fluid

A

cap hydrostatic p (blood p)- cap outward to interst.

cap. (plasma) oncotic p- intersit back to cap
interstit. HP- intersist inward to cap
interst. oncon. P- cap to interstit.

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19
Q

h20 mvmnt between ICF and ECF

A

diffuses through aquaporins passively
or o/ mat w/ active transport
ICF- K dominant
ECF- Na dominant

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20
Q

edema- causes

A

Na or h20 retention + venous obstruction= inc cap Hydro p
loss plasma p (mvmnt proteins into tissue)= dec oncotic P
proteins into interstit from vasc= inc capill perm
lymphatic blockage, not absorb fluid= lymphedema

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21
Q

edema- manifestations

A

local or general “anasarka”

dependant- functions on gravity (precursor to general)

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22
Q

Na/ Cl regulation location

A 
juxtaglomerular cells- secrete renin
hypothalamus- inc thirst
venules/ arteries- vasoconstriction
efferent arterioles- vasoconstr
adrenal gland- secrete aldosterone
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23
Q

Na/ Cl effectors

A

renin act angiotensinogen to ang. 1, ACE act. ang1 to ang2, ang2 acts on hypothal, adrenal gland, and arterioles

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24
Q

hypervolemia cause

A

inc Na conc, hyper secretion of aldosterone (dilutes o/ electrolytes)

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25
hypervolemia manifestations
edema and heart failure
26
hypovolemia cause
dec water intake, hemorrhage (bleeding) and wound drainage
27
hypovolemia manifestations
dec urine output, tachycardia (hypotension), dry skin and weight loss
28
hypernatremia cause
>145 dec free intake h2o, hypersecretion ADH highly conc. hypertonic solution
29
hypernatremia manifestations
thirst, fever, seizures, hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema
30
hyponatremia cause
<135 extrarenal loss excess total body water (dilution) from renal failure
31
hyponatremia manifestations
cerebral edema (effects neurological fun.), inc intracranial P
32
carbonic acid-bicarb buffer
``` carbonic acid (PCO2 respir) bicarb (HCO3 metab) ``` location - lungs and kidney lungs- exhale co2 kidney- reabsorb/regen. extra bicarb HCO3 ``` function- 20:1 w/ pH 7.4 co2 and carbonic a inc= pH dec co2 conserved + combines w/ h2o high co2= respir acidosis low co2 respir alkalosis ```
33
hemoglobin buffer
``` prominant in ICF (not plasma) high pH= Hb lose H+ low pH= Hb adds H+ (taken out of sol)= HHb carbonic acid dissoc into H and HCO3 co2 and RBC combine w/ H2o ```
34
protein buffer
intracellular Hb and CO2Hb expelled through lungs protein - charge buffer H+ ions, (charges offset)
35
renal buffer
H secretion or HCO3 reabsorption location- distal tubule of glomerulus ratio 1:20 (bicarb/ base) low pH- (acidic, HCO3 reab) high pH- (alkalotic, H+ reab)
36
normal pH range
7.35-7.45 acidic 7.35-7.4 alkaline 7.4-7.45
37
metabolic buffer
HCO3- kidney (renal)
38
respiratory buffer
PCO2- lungs
39
innate immunity- first line defense
skin, o/ natural barriers and immunity
40
innate imm.- second line defense
inflammatory response (edema, erythema, pain and exudate)
41
innate imm- third line defense
adaptive imm. (acquired or specific) targets specialized tissues passive v active
42
inflammation-cause
infection, mechanical damage, ischemia (inadeq blood supply), temp extreme and nutrient deprivation
43
inflamm- reponse characteristics
vascular response cellular/chem response nonspecific immune responce
44
inflamm- plasma protein system
"complement system" local inflam= histamine responce antigen breakdown w/ mem. brkdwn= c3b (coat surface bac) attraction macrophages= c5a (attract leuk) classical path- need ab and antigen binding (c 1,c3,c5) altern path- direct surface mol binding
45
inflamm- coagulation system
``` mesh-like fibrin net made fun- stop bleeding, prevent spread infection and makes grndwork for healing extrinsic- act. by damaged epith cells tissues release thromboplastin intrinsic- act w/ exposure collagen factor 12 * pathways converge w/ factor 10 ```
46
inflamm- kinin system
product activation of F12= release bradykinin fun- assist inflam cells results- vasodil, pain, sm musc contraction and inc vasc perm.
47
inflamm- mast cell degranulation
release mast cell contents and histamine/ chemotactic factors
48
inflamm- histamine fun
``` binds H1 (pro inflammatory) and H2 (anti-inflamm) causes temporary capill. constriction and venule dilation fun- inc blood flow and cap perm w/ retraction endo cells ```
49
inflamm- chemotactic factor fun
neutrophil chemotactic factor eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis mvmnt cell along chem. gradient formed by cheotactic factor
50
inflamm- cellular componets- pattern recognition receptor
fun- id and damage pathogen assoc. mol. patterns, | (found on surfac. / diss. mol)
51
inflamm- cellular componets- toll-like receptor
single-mem spanning | fun- recogn structurally conserved mol derived from microbes
52
inflamm- cellular componets- Complement receptor
detect pathway w/out ab mediation | triggered by antigens
53
inflamm- cellular componets- scavenger receptor
recog. + eat bac pathogens, damaged cells and altered soluble lipoproteins
54
inflamm- cellular componets- NOD like receptors (NLR's)
cytoplasmic recep | recog products of microbes and damaged cells
55
inflamm- phagocytosis
cell eating remove cells out of vascular space= produc. adhesion mol through margination or diapedesis margination- neutrophil adhering to endoth wall diapedesis- mvmnt cells thru endothel junction steps: recog+ adherence thru opsonization engulfment fusion phagosome target destruction
56
acute inflamm- characteristics
self limiting inc vasc perm (bradykinin and histamine) heat swelling (protein mvmnt into interstitial) redness- inc blood flow to damaged tissue pain- inc P of fluid on nerves
57
acute inflamm- exudate types
serous- early/mild (watery w/ few plasma p) fibrinous- severe (thick and clotted) purulent- Inc leukocyte #, indication of infection hemorrhagic- has blood or erythrocytes
58
chronic inflammation- characteristics
indicated w/ purulent exudate + incomplete wound healing lasts >2 weeks cellular signs: lympho and macrophage # inc granuloma formation (raised bump) includes: epithelia cell formation (accum of debris) giant cell formation
59
wound healing- step 1
hemostasis (coagulation) | damage to capill and blood v= bleeding w/ immedi. vasoconstric, then vasodil and platelet activation (fibrin meshwork)
60
wound healing- step 2
inflammation vasoactive cytokinin related= inc blow flow results= inc. neutroph and lymphocyte flow to injury
61
wound healing- step 3
proliferation + new tissue formation inc macroph angiogenesis act= clearing debris, + releasing grwth factors epithelialization, collagen syn, fibroblast proliferation
62
wound healing- step 4
remodeling and maturation | scar formation
63
wound healing- factors for abnormal healing
impaired collagen matrix (keloid) impaired epithelial oxygen (hypoxemia) impaired contraction (tightening skin) dehiscence (would pulls aprt at suture line) infection, nutrition deficiency, + chronic illness obesity, excessive fibrin, diabetes, medications
64
adaptive immunity- hummoral
antibody mediated!! b- cell receptor for path (antigen) differentiates into memory or effector effector fun- produces specific ab to path that are mem bound) activation: presents antigen, attracts T-cell, T- cells binds and B cell releases Interleukin
65
adaptive immunity- cell mediated
T-cell production and differentiation types: memory t, cytotoxic c and T helper T-helper-- MHCII, act. after antigen presentation activation: tcell binds to MHCII protein on surface B cell differentiates into effector or memory effector fun- initiate response, recruit o/ cells, remove debris and promote regen/repair t cytotoxic-- MHC I, kills o/ cells directly attacks, not need antigen presentation differentiates into memory and effector effector fun- release perforin and granzymes
66
antibody functions-
direct- neutralization (cover antigen binding sites) agglutination- clumping insol material together and precipitate out of sol opsonization- binding of ab to antigen stimulates inflammation
67
hypersensitivity- allergy
response to environment of antigen | most common
68
hypersensitivity- autoimmunity
altered immunologic tolerance | failure to recog. "self"
69
hypersensitivity- alloimmunity
immune rxn to tissues w/ new introduction | ex. blood transfusion rx (Rh factor and ab)
70
universal blood donor
o- | because has no antigens, and accepts both a and b antibodies
71
microo infection factors
immunogenicity- ability to provoke imm system infectivity- abilt. est. infection mech of action- kind of recep pathogenicity- ability microo cause disease portal of entry toxicity- lvl of toxin virulence- severity of microo
72
stages of infection
incubation- infection till appearance of sympt prodromal- onset initial sympt invasion "acute illness"- start of immune response convalescence- removal of infectious agent (if not = latency phase)
73
diff. btw bacteria and virus
bac- gram - or +, asexual reproduc, produced toxins (endo and exo), aerobic and anerobic virus- needs host for reproduc., directly infects/ damages cell, has multiple transmissions and own viral process
74
viral transmission types
aerosol infected blood vector sexual contact
75
viral process
attachment- specific to certain cell types penetration- endocytosis uncoating- release viral DNA replication- injecting DNA in host cells assembly- dev new viron release- shedding via lysis (rupture of cell wall/mem)
76
difficulties of viral replication treatment
``` virus can hide in cells (away from inflamm) highly sensitive to neutralizing ab not touched by infection ab genes mutate and adapt new defense mech. Ex- dev. new surface antigens ```
77
treatment for infection- antibiotic resistance causes
microo genetic mutation overuse of med lack of compliance w/ prescribed recommendations

NRSG 258 PATHO (3 decks)

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