Cardiovascular

Question 1

_______ cells are ________ cells in your heart that act as neurons

Answer 1

Nodal cells are muscle cells in your ______ that act as

_______

Question 2

How hard do nodal cells contract?

Answer 2

Trick question, they don’t.

Question 3

Do nodal cells conduct electricity?

Answer 3

Nodal cells do conduct electricity

Question 4

Cardiac muscle has very little ______ because it uses _______ from the ECM

Answer 4

_______ ______ has very little SR, because it uses Ca+ from the ________

Question 5

When blood calcium is reduced, the _______ will be one of the first organs to be affected

Answer 5

When ________ is reduced, the heart will be one of the first organs to be affected

Question 6

Even though cardiac muscle has small SR, it has large _______

Answer 6

Even though cardiac muscle has ______ it has large T- tubules

Question 7

The _________ includes the blood, heart and blood vessel

Answer 7

The circulatory system consists of ____

Question 8

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to and through?

Answer 8

Blood is pumped to the lungs by the ______ side of the heart. Through the pulmonary trunk

Question 9

Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to and through?

Answer 9

Blood is pumped to the structure of the body by the ______ side of the heart. Through the aorta

Question 10

The ______ circuit consists of the right side of the heart, the pulmonary trunk and the lungs

Answer 10

The pulmonary circuit consists of the _____

Question 11

The amount of blood flowing through the _______ circuit is constant/static while the blood flowing through the _______ circuit is dynamic

Answer 11

The amount of blood flowing through the pulmonary circuit is ________ while the blood flowing through the systemic circuit is dynamic

Question 12

Portal system pathway

Answer 12

artery –> capillary bed (where it picks up nutrients indicator or hormones indicator) –> portal vein –> capillary bed (where it drops off nutrients or hormones) –> vein

Question 13

What are three characteristics of cardiomyocytes?

Answer 13

They are short, thick, and branched

Question 14

Cardiomyocytes contain few ______ because they get ______ from the ______ but contain large ______

Answer 14

_________ contain few SR because they get CA++ from the ECM but contain large T-tubules

Question 15

What are cardiomyocytes connected by?

Answer 15

Intercalated discs connect ______

Question 16

What form intercalated discs?

Answer 16

Desmosomes and gap junctions form _______

Question 17

What are the ways in which intercalated discs connect cardiomyocytes?

Answer 17

electrically, mechanically, metabolically, and through electrical synapses NOT CHEMICAL

Question 18

How do nodal vs non-nodal cells differ

Answer 18

______ cells have a rapid depolarization, and ______ cells have a gradual depolarization

Question 19

_______ do not have a RMP

Answer 19

Nodal cells do not have a ______ _____ _______

Question 20

Term for contraction of the atria

Answer 20

atria systole

Question 21

The amount of blood within the ventricles after atrial systole is known as

Answer 21

EDV is the amount of blood within the ventricles after _____

Question 22

Which of the following algebraic equations represents the ejection fraction?

Answer 22

SV/EDV

Question 23

Which of the following ions is responsible for the plateau phase of cardiomyocyte action potentials?

Answer 23

Ca++

Question 24

Angiotensinogen is made by the _______ and is _______

Answer 24

________ is made by the liver and is acted upon by renin

Question 25

Renin is made in the _________ and is _______

Answer 25

_______ is made by the kidneys and is released when BP is low

Question 26

angiotensinogin is made into _______ by _________

Answer 26

angiotensin I is made when renin acts on _________

Question 27

______ is made by the ______ to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 27

ACE is made by the lungs to convert ________ to. ______

Question 28

What happens during P-Wave

Answer 28

The SA node reach threshold and the Atria depolarize

Question 29

What happens during qrs

Answer 29

the ventricles begin to depolarize (QRS complex) and contract, pressure builds up in the ventricles, but not enough to open the semilunar valves and allow blood to be ejected into the arteries

Question 30

ANP stands for

Answer 30

Atrial natriuretic peptide is abbreviated as

Question 31

What organ is ANP made by

Answer 31

ANP is made by the heart

Question 32

ANP promotes _______ and ________

Answer 32

________ promotes Na+ excretion (water follows), generalized vasodilation

Question 33

What organ does ANP target and what hormone does it do the opposite function of?

Answer 33

_____ targets the kidneys and does the opposite function of aldosterone

Question 34

unlike ________ ADH triggers water reabsorption by the kidneys by __________

Answer 34

Unlike aldosterone _____ triggers __________ by the _______ via opening more water channels

Question 35

epinephrine and norepinephrine vaso______ the vessels to the ______ and vaso ________ the vessels going to skeletal muscle

Answer 35

_________ and ________ vasoconstrict the vessels to the digestive organs and vasodialate the vessels going to skeletal muscle

Question 36

Neural control of bp is regulated by _____

Answer 36

reflexes regulate neural control of bp

Question 37

In an aqueous solution, ______ forms carbonic acid

Answer 37

CO2 forms carbonic acid in ________

Question 38

When carbonic acid ________ ph _________

Answer 38

When ______ increases, ph decreases

Question 39

Baroreceptors can be found in aortic _____, aortic ______, and carotid ______

Answer 39

Baroreceptors can be found in aortic arch, aortic sinuses and carotid sinus

Question 40

Baroreceptors detect _______

Answer 40

pressure is detected by ________receptors

Question 41

Metabolic auto-regulation

Answer 41

Tissue is undergoing cellular respiration and perfusion to the tissue is not adequate, the body will detect higher levels of CO2.

Question 42

When higher level of CO2 are present within a tissue the blood vessels will ______

Answer 42

When higher level of _______ are present within a tissue the blood vessels will vasodialate

Question 43

Substances that stimulate vasomotion in response to trauma, exercise, or arousal are called

Answer 43

Vasoactive chemicals are substances that stimulate ________ in response to _____ _____ and _____

Question 44

Getting cut will, doing squats, and being sexually intimate can all trigger ________

Answer 44

Vasoactive chemicals can be triggered by

Question 45

Name 4 Vasoactive chemicals

Answer 45

Seratonin, Histamines, Bradykinin, and Prostaglandins are all ________

Question 46

reactive hyperemia is a type of ______ control of blood and is in response to _______

Answer 46

_______ is a type of local control of blood and is in response to blood supply being cut off to a tissue and then being re-established. Hyperemia perfuses the tissue with an excessive amount of blood.

Question 47

angiogenesis is when

Answer 47

new blood vessels and blood supply is grown to go to a specific area

Question 48

Why would angiogenesis take place?

Answer 48

In a case where one began to work out more and needed more blood to the newly exercised muscles, _______ would take place

Question 49

_______ factors and ______ control angiogenesis

Answer 49

Growth factors and inhibitors control _________

Question 50

During the T wave, the ventricles are resting as they _________ and the atria are also ________

Answer 50

During the T wave, _______ are resting as they depolarize in diastole and the ______ are also at rest

Question 51

CAD

Answer 51

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 52

CAD is caused by. athero_______ in the ________ and can lead to __________

Answer 52

_________ is caused by. atherosclerosis in the myocardium and can lead to myocardial infraction/heart attack

Question 53

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 53

________ is a build up of blood cholesterol

Question 54

PAD is _______ and results in _________

Answer 54

Peripheral Artery Disease results in poor blood flow to hands and feet

Question 55

PAD is often __________ but symptoms may include _______ _______ ______ ______

Answer 55

heavy legs, sore heels, weak pulse in legs and, cyanosis

Question 56

DVT is formed by a __________ that becomes an ________

Answer 56

Deep vein thrombosis is formed by a blood clot that becomes an embolus and moves throughout the body

Question 57

DVT are _________ unless an embolus gets _______ and ______ bloodflow

Answer 57

______ are harmless unless an ______ gets caught and inhibits bloodflow

Question 58

an embolus in the lungs is called ________ ________ and an embolus in the brain can lead to ______

Answer 58

an embolus in the ______ is called a pulmonary embolus and an embolus in the ______ can lead to stroke

Question 59

Mitral Valve Prolapse is when the _______ valve doesnt properly _______ which causes blood to _________

Answer 59

__________ is when the _______ valve doesnt properly _______ which causes blood to _________

Question 60

Hypertension is represented as

Answer 60

a BP of 140/90 or higher represents ________

Question 61

Hypertension is mostly _________

Answer 61

asymptomatic