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BIO202 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

_______ cells are ________ cells in your heart that act as neurons

A

Nodal cells are muscle cells in your ______ that act as

_______

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2
Q

How hard do nodal cells contract?

A

Trick question, they don’t.

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3
Q

Do nodal cells conduct electricity?

A

Nodal cells do conduct electricity

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle has very little ______ because it uses _______ from the ECM

A

_______ ______ has very little SR, because it uses Ca+ from the ________

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5
Q

When blood calcium is reduced, the _______ will be one of the first organs to be affected

A

When ________ is reduced, the heart will be one of the first organs to be affected

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6
Q

Even though cardiac muscle has small SR, it has large _______

A

Even though cardiac muscle has ______ it has large T- tubules

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7
Q

The _________ includes the blood, heart and blood vessel

A

The circulatory system consists of ____

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8
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to and through?

A

Blood is pumped to the lungs by the ______ side of the heart. Through the pulmonary trunk

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9
Q

Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to and through?

A

Blood is pumped to the structure of the body by the ______ side of the heart. Through the aorta

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10
Q

The ______ circuit consists of the right side of the heart, the pulmonary trunk and the lungs

A

The pulmonary circuit consists of the _____

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11
Q

The amount of blood flowing through the _______ circuit is constant/static while the blood flowing through the _______ circuit is dynamic

A

The amount of blood flowing through the pulmonary circuit is ________ while the blood flowing through the systemic circuit is dynamic

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12
Q

Portal system pathway

A

artery –> capillary bed (where it picks up nutrients indicator or hormones indicator) –> portal vein –> capillary bed (where it drops off nutrients or hormones) –> vein

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13
Q

What are three characteristics of cardiomyocytes?

A

They are short, thick, and branched

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14
Q

Cardiomyocytes contain few ______ because they get ______ from the ______ but contain large ______

A

_________ contain few SR because they get CA++ from the ECM but contain large T-tubules

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15
Q

What are cardiomyocytes connected by?

A

Intercalated discs connect ______

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16
Q

What form intercalated discs?

A

Desmosomes and gap junctions form _______

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17
Q

What are the ways in which intercalated discs connect cardiomyocytes?

A

electrically, mechanically, metabolically, and through electrical synapses NOT CHEMICAL

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18
Q

How do nodal vs non-nodal cells differ

A

______ cells have a rapid depolarization, and ______ cells have a gradual depolarization

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19
Q

_______ do not have a RMP

A

Nodal cells do not have a ______ _____ _______

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20
Q

Term for contraction of the atria

A

atria systole

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21
Q

The amount of blood within the ventricles after atrial systole is known as

A

EDV is the amount of blood within the ventricles after _____

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22
Q

Which of the following algebraic equations represents the ejection fraction?

A

SV/EDV

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23
Q

Which of the following ions is responsible for the plateau phase of cardiomyocyte action potentials?

A

Ca++

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24
Q

Angiotensinogen is made by the _______ and is _______

A

________ is made by the liver and is acted upon by renin

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25
Q

Renin is made in the _________ and is _______

A

_______ is made by the kidneys and is released when BP is low

26
Q

angiotensinogin is made into _______ by _________

A

angiotensin I is made when renin acts on _________

27
Q

______ is made by the ______ to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

ACE is made by the lungs to convert ________ to. ______

28
Q

What happens during P-Wave

A

The SA node reach threshold and the Atria depolarize

29
Q

What happens during qrs

A

the ventricles begin to depolarize (QRS complex) and contract, pressure builds up in the ventricles, but not enough to open the semilunar valves and allow blood to be ejected into the arteries

30
Q

ANP stands for

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide is abbreviated as

31
Q

What organ is ANP made by

A

ANP is made by the heart

32
Q

ANP promotes _______ and ________

A

________ promotes Na+ excretion (water follows), generalized vasodilation

33
Q

What organ does ANP target and what hormone does it do the opposite function of?

A

_____ targets the kidneys and does the opposite function of aldosterone

34
Q

unlike ________ ADH triggers water reabsorption by the kidneys by __________

A

Unlike aldosterone _____ triggers __________ by the _______ via opening more water channels

35
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine vaso______ the vessels to the ______ and vaso ________ the vessels going to skeletal muscle

A

_________ and ________ vasoconstrict the vessels to the digestive organs and vasodialate the vessels going to skeletal muscle

36
Q

Neural control of bp is regulated by _____

A

reflexes regulate neural control of bp

37
Q

In an aqueous solution, ______ forms carbonic acid

A

CO2 forms carbonic acid in ________

38
Q

When carbonic acid ________ ph _________

A

When ______ increases, ph decreases

39
Q

Baroreceptors can be found in aortic _____, aortic ______, and carotid ______

A

Baroreceptors can be found in aortic arch, aortic sinuses and carotid sinus

40
Q

Baroreceptors detect _______

A

pressure is detected by ________receptors

41
Q

Metabolic auto-regulation

A

Tissue is undergoing cellular respiration and perfusion to the tissue is not adequate, the body will detect higher levels of CO2.

42
Q

When higher level of CO2 are present within a tissue the blood vessels will ______

A

When higher level of _______ are present within a tissue the blood vessels will vasodialate

43
Q

Substances that stimulate vasomotion in response to trauma, exercise, or arousal are called

A

Vasoactive chemicals are substances that stimulate ________ in response to _____ _____ and _____

44
Q

Getting cut will, doing squats, and being sexually intimate can all trigger ________

A

Vasoactive chemicals can be triggered by

45
Q

Name 4 Vasoactive chemicals

A

Seratonin, Histamines, Bradykinin, and Prostaglandins are all ________

46
Q

reactive hyperemia is a type of ______ control of blood and is in response to _______

A

_______ is a type of local control of blood and is in response to blood supply being cut off to a tissue and then being re-established. Hyperemia perfuses the tissue with an excessive amount of blood.

47
Q

angiogenesis is when

A

new blood vessels and blood supply is grown to go to a specific area

48
Q

Why would angiogenesis take place?

A

In a case where one began to work out more and needed more blood to the newly exercised muscles, _______ would take place

49
Q

_______ factors and ______ control angiogenesis

A

Growth factors and inhibitors control _________

50
Q

During the T wave, the ventricles are resting as they _________ and the atria are also ________

A

During the T wave, _______ are resting as they depolarize in diastole and the ______ are also at rest

51
Q

CAD

A

Coronary Artery Disease

52
Q

CAD is caused by. athero_______ in the ________ and can lead to __________

A

_________ is caused by. atherosclerosis in the myocardium and can lead to myocardial infraction/heart attack

53
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

________ is a build up of blood cholesterol

54
Q

PAD is _______ and results in _________

A

Peripheral Artery Disease results in poor blood flow to hands and feet

55
Q

PAD is often __________ but symptoms may include _______ _______ ______ ______

A

heavy legs, sore heels, weak pulse in legs and, cyanosis

56
Q

DVT is formed by a __________ that becomes an ________

A

Deep vein thrombosis is formed by a blood clot that becomes an embolus and moves throughout the body

57
Q

DVT are _________ unless an embolus gets _______ and ______ bloodflow

A

______ are harmless unless an ______ gets caught and inhibits bloodflow

58
Q

an embolus in the lungs is called ________ ________ and an embolus in the brain can lead to ______

A

an embolus in the ______ is called a pulmonary embolus and an embolus in the ______ can lead to stroke

59
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse is when the _______ valve doesnt properly _______ which causes blood to _________

A

__________ is when the _______ valve doesnt properly _______ which causes blood to _________

60
Q

Hypertension is represented as

A

a BP of 140/90 or higher represents ________

61
Q

Hypertension is mostly _________

A

asymptomatic

BIO202 (9 decks)

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