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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Lipase breaks down

A

Lipids

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2
Q

__________ breaks down _________ to make maltose

A

amylase breaks down amylose to make maltose

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3
Q

_________ breaks down ________ to make glucose

A

maltase breaks down maltose into glucose

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4
Q

The four stages of digestion are

A
  1. ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Defecation
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5
Q

Amylase is found in the

A

Mouth and Pancreas

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6
Q

______ ________ is the process of physically breaking down of substances to smaller components (bread being chewed down}

A

Mechanical Digestion

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7
Q

_______ ________ is a series of chemical reactions breaking down macromolecules into monomers

A

Chemical Digestion

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8
Q

Is saliva a hyper- or hypo- tonic solution? What does it mean to be a ________tonic solution?

A

Saliva is a hypotonic solution which means that it contains significantly less salt ions than water molecules

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9
Q

Amylose is a polysaccharide that…

A

plants use to store energy

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10
Q

A mash of food stuck together in the mouth by mucus

A

A bolus

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11
Q

Mucus is also a

A

glycoprotein

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12
Q

Until the age of one, infants also secrete _____

A

Lipase in order to breakdown breastmilk that contains lipids

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13
Q

Bicarbonate is a slightly ________ substance to ________ the acidity of food in order for ________ to break down food

A

________ is a slightly alkaline substance to balance the _______ of food in order for amylase to break down food

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14
Q

Accessory structure of the digestive system are _______

A

structures that work along the digestive system but down actually digest

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15
Q

The salivary gland between the ear and tongue

A

The Parotid Salivary Gland

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16
Q

The salivary gland under jaw

A

The Submandibular Salivary Gland

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17
Q

The salivary gland under tongue

A

The Sublingual Salivary Gland

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18
Q

Small Intrinsic Salivary Glands are found

A

Where the mouth is wet, including mucus

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19
Q

4 layers of the digestive system

A

Mucousal, Submucosal, Muscularis, Serosal

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20
Q

The main function of the stomach is to ______ break down food by _________

A

To mechanically breakdown food by churning

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21
Q

The stomach adds _________ acid to liquify food

A

hydrochloric

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22
Q

The stomach begins _______ digestion of proteins to make _______

A

Chemical digestion of proteins to make chyme

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23
Q

The stomach does not really absorb _______ other than aspirin and lipid soluble drugs

A

nutrients

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24
Q

The mucosa of the stomach contains invaginations called

A

gastric pits

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25
The layers of stomach from innermost to outermost
Mucosal
26
The first cells along the entrance of the gastric pit are known as _______ cells
mucous cells
27
mucous is needed to protect the the entry of gastric pits because ________ is released and can ________ the cells
hydrochloric acid is released and can damage the cells
28
Regenerative cells ______
replace damaged cells
29
_________ is secreted by the parietal cells to absorb _________
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells to absorb vitamin B 12
30
chief cells secrete _______ the inactive form of ________ which digests ________
pepsinogen the inactive form of pepsin which digests proteins
31
What are the four functions of hydrochloric acid?
1. Activating pepsinogen 2. Break up CT and Plant cell walls turning them into chyme 3. Converting ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions that can be used in production of hemoglobin 4. Destroy ingested bacteria and pathogens
32
What are the three hormones that inhibit gastric activity without the ______
secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide all inhibit gastric activity within the duodenum
33
Cholecystokinin signals ________ to release _______ to up lipids after a fatty meal
signals the liver to release bile to physically separate the fat from the other nutrients like water and oil in a pot
34
Low PH of duodenal cells triggers the release of _______ to signal the ______ to release ________
______ PH of the _______ cells triggers the release of secretin to signal the pancreas to release bicarbonate to increase PH
35
What structure does the pylorus/pyloric region attach to?
the small intestine
36
What is the major site for chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients?
The small intestine
37
The three parts of the small intestine are
The duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum
38
The large intestine converts ______ into ______ by reabsorbing ______ and ions from the _____
The large intestine converts chyme into feces by reabsorbing water and ions from the chyme
39
he large intestine also _____ and ______ feces from the body
stores and eliminates
40
The parts of the large intestine are the
cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum
41
Autoimmune disease that attacks vili of small intestine
celiac disease
42
Celiac disease is caused by ______ which is a _______
gluten, protein
43
How does gluten contribute to celiac disease
By triggering overactivity of the immune system in those with CD and causes malabsorption of nutrients
44
What are the four symptoms of CD
Weight loss, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea
45
_______ is generally a disease of the large intestine and can result in diarrhea or constipation along with other digestive issues
IBS
46
H. pylori is a _______ that causes ______ or _______ _______ within the duodenum
bacteria that causes peptic ulcers or duodenal ulcers
47
changes in color of bowel, eyes or skin is indicative of
hepatitis
48
bulging pockets of the colon walls is called ________ and when material gets called, the condition is called _______
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
49
Functions of the colon/large intestine
absorption of water, absorption of vitamin K, mass movements, defecation
50
What happens if water is not absorbed within the colon?
Diarrhea
51
What happens if too much water is absorbed within the large intestine?
Constipation
52
What stimulates mass movements of the _______
Mass movements of the large intestine are stimulated by the stomach and small intestine filling
53
When the rectum _______ it causes the _____ to ______
fills with fecal matter it causes the anas to relax
54
The anal canal is comprised of the _______ and ______ ______ the first is ________ while the second is __________
Internal and external sphincter. Internal is involuntary while external is voluntary.
55
The five sphincters of the digestive system are
``` The lower esophageal/cardiac The pyloric Ileocecal valve Internal External ```
56
nucleases hydrolyze ______ and _____ and turn them into their monomers called _______
DNA RNA Nucleotides
57
_______ ______ ______ further breakdown nucleotides; breaking down their covalent bonds
brush border enzymes
58
Which 4 vitamins are lipid soluble and will be absorbed with lipids?
A,D, E, and K
59
B complex and vitamin C are absorbed via
simple diffusion
60
B 12 is absorbed when bound to
intrinsic factor
61
Lipids absorb into epithelium via ________ and into lacteals via _________
simple diffusion | exocytosis
62
Digestion of lipids happens in the ________ with the help of _________ enzymes
In the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes
63
What type of digestion of proteins does the stomach do?
Mechanical and Chemical
64
Pepsinogen becomes pepsin in _______
an acidic environment
65
pepsin breaks up _______ ______ of protein molecules
covalent bonds
66
Pepsin is inactive within the _______ because its _______
small intestine because of its alkaline environment
67
trypsin and chymotrypsin will act on _______ within the __________
proteins within the small intestine, (mostly the jejunum)
68
brush border peptidases break __________ into ___________
oligopeptides into amino-acids
69
Amino acids are transported into the epithelium via ______ and into the blood via ________
active transport
70
di- and tri- peptides are transported via _______ and broken down into monomers by ______ ______
via endocytosis and broken down by intracellular enzymes
71
3 Enteroendocrin cells
G cells make gastrin, D cells make stomatostatin, and enterochromaphin like cells make histamine
72
What cells produce pepsinogen
Chief cells in the stomach

BIO202 (9 decks)

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