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SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

The

cardiovascular system + lymphatic system =

A
  • Circulatory system
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2
Q

Why does the heart provide energy?

A
  • To drive blood down so that it can overcome friction as it travels around the vascular system
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3
Q

Chemical energy in heart cells is converted to M______ energy in the blood

A

• Mechanical energy

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4
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • Left and right atria

- Left and right ventricles

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5
Q

What are the two circuits in the circulatory system?

A
  • Pulmonary

* Systematic

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6
Q

How is the heart divided into left and right sides?

A

• By a septum

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7
Q

Name the valves associated with each chamber?

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Bicuspid
  • Aortic
  • Pulmonary
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8
Q

what is the structural difference between atria and ventricles?

A

Atria: Thin walled
Ventricles: Thick walled

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9
Q

What are the major blood vessels of the heart?

A
  • Superior and inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Aorta
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10
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there in the heart and what is their function?

A

•4

- Return blood from the lungs back to the left atrium

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11
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A
  • Coveys blood from the left ventricle to the body
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12
Q

There’s 2 sides of the heart, left and right. What is the function of each heart?

A
  • Right heart: receives blood from the systematic circulation and pumps out into the pulmonary circulation
  • Left heart: receives blood from the pulmonary circulation and pumps into the systematic circulation
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13
Q

What are the two nodes in the right atrium?

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node

* Atrioventricular (AV) node

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14
Q

Left ventricle ——-> right atrium

What type of circulation is happening?

A
  • Systematic circulation
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15
Q

Left atrium

A
  • Pulmonary circulation (lungs)
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16
Q

The function of the heart is to pump blood through both P_____ and S______ C______

A
  • Pulmonary

* Systematic circuits

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17
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A
  • To pump blood through both pulmonary and systematic circuits
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18
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

• Behind the sternum

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19
Q

The base of the heart is the broad superior portion, for the attachment of the great…..

A

• Vessels

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20
Q

The apex of the heart is the inferior blunt tip, immediately above the D_____

A

• Diaphragm

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21
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A
  • Endocardium (lined by endothelial cells)
  • Myocardium (thickest, contains cardiac muscle)
  • Epicardium (connective tissue)
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22
Q

Which double walled structure surrounds the heart?

A

• Pericardium

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23
Q

What 3 parallel circuits can the cardiovascular system be split into?

A

1) Pulmonary (lungs)
2) Coronary (heart)
3) Systematic (rest of the body)

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24
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary circuit carry?

A
  • Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart —> lungs for gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the heart
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25
What type of blood does the systematic circuit carry?
- Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to supply the whole body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
26
De-oxygenated blood is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the P______ A_____
• Pulmonary artery
27
Re-oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart visa the P_____ V____
• Pulmonary vein
28
What type of blood is provided for organs and tissues or the body?
• Oxygenated
29
The left ventricle pumps blood into the A____ which then branches into smaller A_____
* Aorta | * Arteries
30
True or False | Atrial contraction is weak
True
31
The atria function mainly as a P_____ C______ C_____
• Passive conducting chamber
32
How is oxygenated blood supplied to the heart muscle?
- Through left and right coronary arteries
33
Venous blood drains into the Coronary S____ and then into the right atrium
• Sinus
34
1) coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle (right and left) 2) cardiac veins collect and return blood to the right atrium through the coronary sinus - what is the next step
3) cardiac veins run with coronary arteries
35
What are the functions of the right coronary artery?
* Supplies right atrium and ventricle * SA node * AV node * Inter ventricular septum
36
What are the functions of the left coronary artery?
* Supplies left atrium * & Ventricle * AV bundle * Inter ventricular septum
37
Cardiac muscle cells consist of cardiac muscle cells which are known as?
• Cardiocytes
38
The two types of cardiac muscle cell are C____tile and C_____tile
* Contractile | * Conductile
39
What provides a strong union between the adjacent cells where the end of one muscle fibre abuts to another?
• Intercalated disk
40
Which channel are gated?
• Connexin channels | When these are opened, ions flow from the first (depolarised cell) to the second
41
What is pacemaker activity?
• directly control the heart rate
42
Does a pacemaker cell have a steady resting membrane potential?
No, after an action potential the membrane immediately begins to depolarise until threshold is reached and another action potential is triggered.
43
What 3 waves does an ECG consist of?
* The P wave * QRS complex * T wave
44
The P wave corresponds to A____ De______
• Atrial depolarisation
45
When does the P wave occur?
- Just before atrial contraction begins
46
What does the QRS complex correspond to?
• Ventricular depolarisation and begins just before isovolumetric contraction
47
What does the T wave represent?
• Ventricular repolarization and takes place during reduced ejection
48
How long does the P-Q interval last for?
- around 160ms
49
What does the P-Q interval represent?
- Time between atrial excitation and ventricular excitation
50
What does prolongation of the P-Q interval suggest?
- Suggests damage to the atrial conducting pathway or the A-V node
51
How long does the S-T segment last?
• Around 120ms
52
What does the S-T segment represent?
• The time when the ventricles are fully depolarised during plateau of the ventricular action potential
53
How long does the Q-T interval last?
• Around 400ms
54
What is the Q-T interval?
- The period from the beginning of ventricular depolarisation to the end of repolarisation
55
The R-R interval is the time between S______ heart beats
• Successive
56
A heart beats at 75 per minute what is the cardiac cycle?
• 0.8s
57
Cardiac output (CO) = Heart rate (HR) x S______ V_____ (SV)
• Stroke volume
58
What is Cardiac output?
- The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per unit time
59
The SA node is innervated by both S________ and P______ branches of the autonomic nervous system
* Sympathetic | * Parasympathetic
60
What transmitter is realised by postganglionic S fibres and P fibres?
S fibres: Noradrenaline | P fibres: Acetylcholine
61
S effects are mediated via B1 A___receptors and P effects are mediated via M___carinic receptors
* Adrenoreceptors | * Muscarinic receptors
62
In the resting state what is the dominant tone? | Hint: which side or the autonomic nervous system
- Parasympathetic
63
Describe “Lub” and “Dub”
Lub: loudest at apex Dub: loudest at base
64
What are the most fundamental heart sounds?
S1 and S2
65
What is S1 and S2 caused by?
S1: caused by closure of AV valves and tensing of the valves and muscles during contraction - Lub S2: relates to closure of semilunar valves - Dub
66
Systematic blood pressure is a fluid driven through a circuit of closed vessels, operates under P____
• Pressure | Blood flows along a pressure gradient
67
When does pressure occur?
• When the flow is opposed by resistance
68
The steepest drop in pressure occurs in the A_____ which offer the greatest resistance to flow
- Arterioles
69
Which vessel carries blood towards the heart?
• Veins
70
Describe the arterial pressure of systolic and diastolic pressure
- Systolic pressure: High (120mmHg) | - Diastolic pressure: Low (80mmHg)

SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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