Neuroscience

Question 1

How many connections does the average neurons make?

Answer 1

•1,000 connections

Question 2

Name Neuronal cell properties

Answer 2

• Excitability
• Conductivity
• Secretion

Question 3

What are the features of a resting neurone? - Mention membrane

Answer 3

• The membrane itself is relatively impermeable to ions

- Inside of membrane has a negative charge with respect to the outside

Question 4

The equilibrium potential of an ion is the point at which there would be….

Answer 4

• no net movement of the ion across the membrane

Question 5

The membrane at rest has a potential of….

Answer 5

70mV

Question 6

For the membrane at rest, what are the sodium potassium channels doing?

Answer 6

• They are closed

Question 7

At the local potential the membrane potential…..

Answer 7

• Rises

Question 8

What happens if the local potential doesn’t reach the threshold?

Answer 8

• Will diminish without causing an action potential

If they do reach the threshold an action potential will occur

Question 9

Once the membrane has reached the depolarisation stage it reaches the T_____ potential and rises R_____

Answer 9

• Threshold
• Rapidly
(Potassium channels remain closed)

Question 10

At the state of repolarisation has peaked and falls back towards…..

Answer 10

• resting potential
(voltage gated sodium channels inactivated - not closed)
~ Voltage gated potassium channels open

Question 11

The absolute refractory period is impossible to…..

Answer 11

• Fire another action potential

Potassium channels closing, but sodium channels inactivated

Question 12

True or False

- The relative refractory period is possible to fire another action potential, but a larger stimulus is required

Answer 12

True
• Potassium channels closing, sodium channels de-inactivated
• Sodium/Potassium pump restores ion balance

Question 13

Which zone is the action potential generated in?

Answer 13

• The trigger zone

Question 14

Along axons what do the propagate carry?

Answer 14

• Carry sensory or motor information to the appropriate location

Question 15

Myeloma room is where the…..

Answer 15

• Neurone is insulated which allows more rapid conduction of the action potential (Different types of neurones may be myelinated or unmyelinated)

Question 16

What is the progress of the action potential along an unmyelinated axons called?

Answer 16

• Continuous propagation

Question 17

What is the progress of action potentials along myelinated axons called?

Answer 17

• Saltatory propagation

Areas without myelin are called Nodes or Ranvier

Question 18

Schwann cells myelinate……

Answer 18

• Peripheral axons

Question 19

Oligodendrocytes myelinate…..

Answer 19

• CNS axons

Question 20

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer 20

• Autoimmune disorder when myelination of central nerves is targeted

Question 21

What is guillain-Barré syndrome?

Answer 21

• Autoimmune disorder when myelination of peripheral nerves is targeted

Question 22

Where do neurones communicate with one another?

Answer 22

• At synapses

~ Synaptic transmission can be electrical or chemical

Question 23

REVISE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

Answer 23

REVISE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

Question 24

State key neurotransmitters

Answer 24

• Adrenaline
• Serotonin
• Dopamine

Question 25

Name the main processes in the regulation of different transmitter systems

Answer 25

1) synthesis 2) storage 3) release 4) receptor binding 5) inactivation/reuptake

Question 26

An excitatory neutron may activate an _______ neurone, which may in turn inhibit the ______ excitatory neutron

Answer 26

- Inhibitory | - Excitatory

Question 27

What is an agonist?

Answer 27

• Chemical that binds to receptor which activates the receptor to produce a molecular/ cellular response

Question 28

Compare a Full; Partial & Inverse agonist

Answer 28

* Full: produces complete molecular response * Partial: interacts with receptor in an inefficient manner producing less than maximal molecular response * Inverse: binds to spontaneously activated receptor leading to deactivation of the receptor

Question 29

What is an antagonist?

Answer 29

- A chemical that interacts with a receptor to inhibit the action of an agonist

Question 30

Give an example of a drug that alters receptor activity

Answer 30

- Nicotine

Question 31

Cocaine blocks ……

Answer 31

- Dopamine transporters

Question 32

Temporal Vs spatial summation

Answer 32

Temporal: Single synapse Spatial: Many synapses

Question 33

GLIA

Answer 33

GLIA

Question 34

What does the CNS and PNS consist off?

Answer 34

* CNS: brain and spinal cord | * PNS: everything outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 35

What does the PNS include? (What type of nerves)

Answer 35

- Sensory | - Motor

Question 36

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 36

• Voluntary movement

Question 37

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 37

- Responsible for regulating involuntary mechanisms (e.g heart rate)

Question 38

What are the two branches or the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 38

* Sympathetic nervous system | * Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 39

What system specifically regulates the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 39

• Enteric nervous system

Question 40

The sympathetic system has increased metabolic rate, heart rate compared to the parasympathetic nervous system which…..

Answer 40

- Has a decreased metabolic rate, heart rate

Question 41

In the brain the cerebrum is responsible for…..

Answer 41

- Higher brain functions

Question 42

In the brain the diencephalon is responsible for…..

Answer 42

- Lower brain functions

Question 43

The spinal cord is responsible for….

Answer 43

- Reflex actions

Question 44

How many lobes is the brain split into and what are these?

Answer 44

``` 4 lobes • frontal lobe • temporal lobe • parietal lobe • occipital lobe ```

Question 45

In the brain what is white matter?

Answer 45

•Axons