Cardiovascular

Question 1

Side effects of ACE inhibitors

Answer 1

Dry cough, hyperkalaemia - contraindicated in renal artery stenosis

Question 2

Irregularly irregular pulse

Answer 2

Atrial Fibrillation

Question 3

Hyperkalaemia ECG changes

Answer 3

tall tented t waves and wide qrs complexes

Question 4

What does a saw-tooth ECG indicate?

Answer 4

Atrial flutter

Question 5

Rib-notching on CXR

Answer 5

coarctation of the aorta

Question 6

Radial delay

Answer 6

Aortic dissection/coarctation of aorta

Question 7

What does a collapsing pulse indicate?

Answer 7

Aortic regurgitation

Question 8

Slow rising pulse

Answer 8

Aortic stenosis

Question 9

Splinter haemorrhages

Answer 9

Infective endocarditis

Question 10

Crescendo-decrescendo murmur

Answer 10

Aortic stenosis

Question 11

main causes of a staph. aureus infection - infective endocarditis

Answer 11

prosthetic valves (after 2 months), IV drug users

Question 12

Main causes of a strep. viridans infection - infective endocarditis

Answer 12

post dental surgery

Question 13

Treatment of acute AF

Answer 13

Treat underlying cause - control ventricular rate with BB/CCB, add digoxin or amiodarone - anticoagulate - heparin, clopidogrel

Question 14

Mechanism of action of clopidogrel

Answer 14

works through P2Y12 by disulphide bond

Question 15

Mechanism of action of warfarin

Answer 15

Inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase which decreases functional Vitamin K levels

Question 16

Mechanism of action of heparin

Answer 16

Binds to AT3 and increases affinity for clotting factors to inactivate

Question 17

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 17

A connection between pulmonary artery and descending aorta during foetal development to bypass the lungs

Question 18

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 18

Continuous machinery like murmur - connection between aorta and pulmonary artery that remains open

Question 19

What is strawberry milkshake coloured blood a sign of?

Answer 19

Hyperlipidaemia

Question 20

Dermatone level of Herpes Zoster Virus (shingles)

Answer 20

T4/T5

Question 21

Central abdominal pain, expansile pulsatile mass is suggestive of?

Answer 21

AAA - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, cause of sudden death

Question 22

How to treat AAA

Answer 22

dependant on size (cm) - seen on Xray

EVAR - endovascular aneurysm repair or open repair

Question 23

How to calculate MAP

Answer 23

MAP = DBP + 0.33 (SBP-DBP)

Question 24

Which artery supplies the AV node

Answer 24

Right coronary artery

Question 25

Parasympathetic - negative or positive chronotropic effect

Answer 25

negative chronotropic effect via vagus nerve - main innervation at rest to keep HR low

Question 26

Sympathetic pathway

Answer 26

via adenosine b1 receptors to increase HR

Question 27

Longest vein in the body

Answer 27

Great saphenous vein

Question 28

Virchow’s Triad

Answer 28

Hypercoagulability, Stasis of blood flow, Endothelial injury

Question 29

Adverse effects of Spironolactone

Answer 29

Gynaecomastia, hyperkalaemia (potassium sparing diuretic)

Question 30

IVDUs experience heart valve problems on which side? (endocarditis)

Answer 30

right

Question 31

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 31

VSD, Pulmonary Stenosis, RV hypertrophy, Overriding aorta

Question 32

Anterior branches of thoracic aorta

Answer 32

bronchial, oesophageal, mediastinal, pericardial, phrenic arteries