cardiovascular

Question 1

elevated BP

Answer 1

120-129 <80 DBP

Question 2

stage 1 htn

Answer 2

130-139 SBP, 80-90 DBP

Question 3

stage 2 htn

Answer 3

> 140 SBP, >90 DBP

Question 4

ischemic stroke

Answer 4

common
blood vessel to the brain blocked

Question 5

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 5

blood vessel within brain bursts

Question 6

arteriosclerosis

Answer 6

any hardening of medium or large arteries

Question 7

atherosclerosis

Answer 7

hardening og an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque

Question 8

arteriolosclerosis

Answer 8

hardening of arterioles
d/t htn and diabetics mellitus

Question 9

CAD

Answer 9

plaque builds up in the coronary arteries reducing and blocking blood flow to heart tissue.
characterized by stable angina

Question 10

ACS

Answer 10

umbrella term to cover any group clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia

Question 11

growth of collateral circulation is attributed to?

Answer 11

inherited predisposition to develop new vessels
presence of chronic ischemia

Question 12

chronic stable angina

Answer 12

intermittent chest pain occurs over long period, lasting 3-5 min
ST segment depression

Question 13

prinzmetals angina

Answer 13

occurs at rest in response to spasm of major coronary artery
ST elevation

Question 14

acute coronary syndrome

Answer 14

ischemia is prolonged and not immediately reversible

Question 15

aldosterone increases

Answer 15

CO by increasing blood volume (via increasing sodium reabsorption)

Question 16

pathophysio of primary htn

Answer 16

water and sodium retention

Question 17

dietary sodium reduction

Answer 17

<2.4g /day

Question 18

htn potential complications

Answer 18

OHTN
htn crisis
stroke, MI
sexual dysfunction

Question 19

heart failure

Answer 19

impaired cardiac pumping

Question 20

natriuretic peptides

Answer 20

hormones produced by heart muscle in response to increase in atrial volume and ventricular pressure

Question 21

left sided HF

Answer 21

reduced capacity to pump blood into systemic circulation
pulmonary congestion, edema

Question 22

right sided HF

Answer 22

right ventricle reduced capacity to pump blood into pulmonary circulation
JVD, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, peripheral edema

Question 23

lasix

Answer 23

decreases preload and pulmonary congestion, cardiac work, increased CO
watch for low potassium

Question 24

spironolactone

Answer 24

watch for high potassium

Question 25

digoxin

Answer 25

improve contractility and increase stroke volume

Question 26

weight monitoring

Answer 26

gain of 3lb over 2 days, or 3-5lb over 7 days should be reported

Question 27

peripheral arterial disease

Answer 27

progressive narrowing and degeneration of arteries in neck, abd, extremities

Question 28

intermittent claudication

Answer 28

muscle pain, commonly calf, upon exercise and goes away on rest

Question 29

aortic aneurysms

Answer 29

out pouching or dilation of weakened area in an artery

Question 30

buerger's disease

Answer 30

inflammatory disease of the small and medium veins and arteries accompanied by thrombi and spasms

Question 31

Raynaud's disease

Answer 31

localized, intermittent episodes of vasoconstriction of small arteries of the hands causing color and temp changes

Question 32

thrombophlebitis

Answer 32

formation of thrombus in association with inflammation of the vein

Question 33

what causes thrombophlebitis

Answer 33

stasis of blood flow, damage to inner lining of vein, hypercoagubility of blood

Question 34

superficial thrombophlebitis

Answer 34

palpable cord, warm, red, tender, edema,

Question 35

deep thrombophlebitis

Answer 35

edema, pain, warm skin, homans sign

Question 36

venous insufficiency

Answer 36

inadequate venous return over long periods that causes ischemia in vasculature, skin, and tissues

Question 37

infective endocarditis

Answer 37

caused by microorganisms in blood that colonize on the platelet and fibrin strands in endothelium

Question 38

pericarditis

Answer 38

inflammation of pericardium

Question 39

tamponade

Answer 39

medical emergency resulting in excess fluid collection in the pericardial sac that interferes with heart filling

Question 40

cardiomyopathy

Answer 40

abnormality of the heart muscle structure

Question 41

dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 41

enlargement of all 4 chambers decreased contractility decreased CO

Question 42

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 42

unexplained progressive thickening of ventricular muscle mass, causing increased pulmonary and venous pressure

Question 43

restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Answer 43

excessive rigid ventricular walls do not stretch during diastolic filling, creates back pressure and R HF

Question 44

valvular heart disease

Answer 44

defects in structure or function of valves thus interfering with proper cardiac function

Question 45

mitral valve prolapse

Answer 45

abnormality of mitral valve leaflets and the papillary muscle or chordae

Question 46

aortic valve stenosis

Answer 46

obstruction of flow from left ventricle to aorta during systole

Question 47

aortic valve regurgitation

Answer 47

retrograde blood flow from ascending aorta to left ventricle

Question 48

tricuspid valve stenosis

Answer 48

right atrial valve obstructed, results in R atrial enlargement and elevated systemic venous pressure

Question 49

pulmonic valve stenosis

Answer 49

backward flow of blood from R ventricle