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PHYSIOLOGY > CARDIOVASCULAR > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiac output from the left side of the heart is the?

A

systemic blood

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2
Q

Cardiac output from the right side of the heart is the?

A

pulmonary blood flow

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3
Q

Blood flows along the following course:

A
  1. From the lungs to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  2. From the left atrium to the left ventricle through the mitral valve
  3. From the left ventricle to the aorta through the aortic valve
  4. From the aorta to the systemic arteries and the systemic tissues
  5. From the tissues to the systemic veins and vena cava
  6. From the vena cava (mixed venous blood) to the right atrium
  7. From the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
  8. From the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery through the pulmonic valve
  9. From the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation
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4
Q

The blood volume contained in the arteries is called the?

A

stressed volume

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5
Q

the site of highest resistance in the cardiovascular system

A

arterioles

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6
Q

Arteriolar resistance is regulated by?

A

ANS

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7
Q

__________are found on the arterioles of the skin,
splanchnic, and renal circulations.

A

α1-Adrenergic receptors

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8
Q

___________are found on arterioles of skeletal muscle.

A

β2-Adrenergic receptors

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9
Q

have the largest total cross-sectional and surface area.

A

capillaries

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10
Q

are the site of exchange of nutrients, water, and gases

A

capillaries

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11
Q

contain the highest proportion of the blood in the cardiovascular
system.

A

veins

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12
Q

The blood volume contained in the veins is called the?

A

unstressed volume

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13
Q

Velocity of blood is directly proportional to________ and inversely
proportional to the ___________

A

blood flow

cross-sectional area

note: mas maliit ang cross sectional area mas mabilis ang blood flow

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14
Q

cardiac output formula

A

mean arterial pressure-right arterial pressure/TPR

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15
Q

Resistance is directly proportional to the ______ of the blood

Resistance is directly proportional to the ______ of the vessel.

Resistance is inversely proportional to the ______of the vessel

A

viscosity

length

radius

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16
Q

When an artery is added in parallel, the total resistance______

a. increase
b. decrease

A

decrease

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17
Q

_________predicts whether blood flow will be laminar or
turbulent.

A

Reynolds number

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18
Q

When Reynolds number is increased, there is a greater tendency for turbulence, which causes audible vibrations called______

A

bruits

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19
Q

Reynolds number (and therefore turbulence) is increased by the following factors:
a. ______blood viscosity
b. ______blood velocity

A

a. ↓ blood viscosity (e.g., ↓ hematocrit, anemia).
b. ↑ blood velocity (e.g., narrowing of a vessel).

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20
Q

Velocity of blood is zero at the _____ and highest at the _____ of the vessel.

A

1.wall

2.center

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21
Q

Shear is therefore highest at the____ and lowest at the _____of
the vessel

A
  1. wall

2.center

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22
Q

formula of capacitance (compliance)

A

C= volume/pressure

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23
Q

compliance is directly proportional to__________
inversely proportional to_________

A

directly to elastance and volume

inversely to pressure

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24
Q

capacitance is greater in ______

A

vein

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25
capacitance of arteries ________ with age
decreases
26
blood pressure is highest in______ and lowest in _________
highest in aorta and large arteries lowest in vena cava
27
mean pressure of the ff aorta: arterioles: capillaries: vena cava:
aorta: 100 mm Hg arterioles: 50 capillaries: 20 vena cava: 4
28
the highest arterial pressure in cardiac cycle
systolic pressure
29
the lowest arterial pressure in cardiac cycle
diastolic pressure
30
systolic pressure is measured when:
after heart contracts and blood ejected
31
diastolic pressure is measure when:
heart is relax and blood returns to heart
32
define pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic
33
most important determinant of pulse pressure
stroke volume
34
increase capacitance will __________ pulse pressure
increase
35
formula for mean arterial pressure
MAP= DP + 1/3(SP-DP)
36
left arterial pressure is estimated by?
pulmonary wedge pressure
37
what is P wave
atrial depolarization
38
what is PR interval
-interval between beginning of P and beginning of Q wave
39
effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic on PR interval
sympathetic: decreased PR interval= increased conduction velocity in AV node parasympathetic: increased PR interval= decreased conduction velocity in AV node
40
PR interval depends on ______________
conduction velocity of AV node note: dec. AV node conduction velocity = inc. PR interval example heart block
41
what is QRS complex
depolarization of ventricles
42
what is QT interval
-interval from the beginning of Q wave to end of T wave -represents the entire period of depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles
43
what is ST interval
-interval from end of S wave to beginning of T wave -represents period when ventricles are depolarized
44
what is T wave
ventricular repolarization
45
resting membrane potential is determined by?
conductance to K and K equilibrium potential
46
action of the ff: 1.Inward current 2.Outward current
1. positive charge INTO the cell and depolarize 2. positive charge OUT of the cell and hyperpolarize
47
RMP of ventricles, atria and purkinje system
-90 mv
48
discuss the phases of action potential of ventricles, atria, and purkinje system
phase 0- upstroke. increase Na+ conductance> Inward current of Na+> depolarization phase 1-initial repolarization. outward current of K+ phase 2- plateau. increase Ca+ conductance> inward current of Ca+ phase 3-repolarization. outward current of K+ > hyperpolarizes phase 4- resting membrane potential. inward and outward currents are equal
49
discuss the phases of action potential of SA node and AV node
phase 0- upstroke. increase Ca+ conductance> Inward current of Ca+> depolarization no phase 1 and 2 phase 3-repolarization. outward current of K+ > hyperpolarizes phase 4- slow depolarization. inward Na+ current which is turned on by repolarization
50
reflects the required for excitation to spread throughout cardiac tissue
conduction velocity
51
conduction velocity depends on?
size of inward current during upstroke note: the larger the inward current = higher conduction velocity
52
fastest conduction velocity is seen in
purkinje system
53
slowest conduction velocity is seen in
AV node reason: ventricular filling kaya pag bumilis ang AV node ma affect yung filling
54
ability of cardiac cells to initiate AP in response to inward current
Excitability
55
period where no action potential can be initiated regardless of how much inward current is supplied
absolute refractory period
56
refractory period which begins with the upstroke of AP and ends after plateau
absolute refractory period
57
refractory period during which a conducted action potential cannot be elicited
effective refractory period
58
refractory period in which an action potential can be elicited, but more than the usual inward current is required.
relative refractory period
59
sympathetic effect on the ff and their receptor heart rate conduction velocity contractility
INCREASED beta 1 receptor
60
parasympathetic effect on the ff and their receptor heart rate conduction velocity contractility
DECREASED muscarinic receptor note: for contractility (atria only)
61
sympathetic effect on Vascular smooth muscle and their receptor skin, splanchnic skeletal
skin, splanchnic- constriction skeletal- constriction
61
sympathetic effect on Vascular smooth muscle and their receptor skin, splanchnic skeletal
skin, splanchnic- constriction (alpha 1 receptor) skeletal- constriction (alpha 1 receptor) - relaxation (beta 2 receptor)
61
sympathetic effect on Vascular smooth muscle and their receptor skin, splanchnic skeletal
skin, splanchnic- constriction skeletal- constriction
62
parasympathetic effect on Vascular smooth muscle and their receptor skin, splanchnic skeletal
NONE only sympathetic
63
define chronotropic effects what is: 1. negative chronotropic effect 2. postive chronotropic effect
- produce changes in HEART RATE 1. decrease firing rate of the SA node > decrease HR 2. increase firing rate of the SA node > increase HR

PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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