NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

a. Parasympathetic ganglia are located?

b. Sympathetic ganglia are located?

Answer 1

a. Parasympathetic ganglia are located in or near the effector organs.

b. Sympathetic ganglia are located in the paravertebral chain.

Question 2

A.Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate in?

B.Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system
originate in?

Answer 2

A.in spinal cord segments T1–L3 or the thoracolumbar region.

B.in the nuclei of cranial nerves and in spinal cord segments S2–S4 or the craniosacral region.

Question 3

a specialized ganglion of the sympathetic nervous
system?

Answer 3

adrenal medulla

*Preganglionic fibers synapse directly on chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla

Question 4

The chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 4

epinephrine (80%)
and
norepinephrine (20%)

Question 5

A. Adrenergic neurons release what NT

B. Cholinergic neurons release what NT

Answer 5

A.Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine

B.Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter

Question 6

____________ is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes
excessive amounts of catecholamines and is associated with increased
excretion of _______________

Answer 6

Pheochromocytoma

3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA).

Question 7

SYMPATHETIC:

origin:
preganglionic length:
NT in ganglion:
receptor in ganglion:
postganglionic length:
effector organs:
NT effector organs:
receptor in effector organs:

Answer 7

SYMPATHETIC:

origin: T1-L3
preganglionic length: SHORT
NT in ganglion: ACH
receptor in ganglion: NICOTINIC
postganglionic length: LONG
effector organs: SMOOTH AND CARDIAC, GLANDS
NT effector organs: NOREPINEPHRINE ( EXCEPT SWEAT GLANDS- ACH)
receptor in effector organs: ALPHA 1,2 AND BETA 1-2

Question 8

PARASYMPATHETIC:

origin:
preganglionic length:
NT in ganglion:
receptor in ganglion:
postganglionic length:
effector organs:
NT effector organs:
receptor in effector organs:

Answer 8

PARASYMPATHETIC:

origin: CN 3,7,9,10, S2-4
preganglionic length: LONG
NT in ganglion: ACH
receptor in ganglion: NICOTINIC
postganglionic length: SHORT
effector organs: SMOOTH, CARDIAC, GLANDS
NT effector organs: ACH
receptor in effector organs: MUSCARINIC

Question 9

A. what are adrenergic receptors?

B. what are cholinergic receptors?

Answer 9

A. ALPHA 1-2, BETA 1-2

B. M 1-3, N 1-2

Question 10

alpha 1 receptors

location:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 10

alpha 1 receptors

location: smooth muscle
effect: excitation ( contract or constrict)
MOA: Gq protein > increase IP3 and Ca+

Question 11

alpha 2 receptors

location:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 11

alpha 2 receptors

location: walls of GI tract
effect: inhibition (relax or dilate)
MOA: Gi protein > decrease camp

Question 12

beta 1 receptors

location:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 12

beta 1 receptors

location: heart
effect: excitation ( inc. HR, contractility, conduction velocity)
MOA: Gs protein > increase camp

Question 13

beta 2 receptors

location:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 13

beta 2 receptors (more sensitive to epinephrine)

location: Smooth muscle
effect: relaxation ( dilation of vascular sm, bronchioles, relaxation of bladder)
MOA: Gs protein> increase camp

Question 14

Nm/n1 (neuromuscular junction) receptors

location:
activated by:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 14

Nm/n1 (neuromuscular junction) receptors

location: skeletal muscle
activated by: ach or nicotine
effect: excitation
MOA: opening of na/k channels

Question 15

Nn/n2 (adrenal medulla) receptors

location:
activated by:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 15

Nn/n2 (adrenal medulla) receptors

location: autonomic ganglia
activated by: ach or nicotine
effect: excitation
MOA: opening of na/k channels

Question 16

nicotinic receptors are blocked by__________ in the autonomic ganglia but not in neuromuscular junction

Answer 16

ganglionic blockers
-HEXAMETHONIUM

Question 17

Muscarinic 1 receptor

location:
activated by:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 17

Muscarinic 1 receptor

location: CNS
activated by: ach and muscarine
effect: excitatory
MOA: Gq > increase ip3 and
ca

Question 18

Muscarinic 2 receptor

location:
activated by:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 18

Muscarinic 2 receptor

location: heart
activated by: ach and muscarine
effect: inhibitory ( dec. HR, conduction velocity in av node)
MOA: Gi protein> dec camp

Question 19

Muscarinic 3 receptor

location:
activated by:
effect:
MOA:

Answer 19

Muscarinic 3 receptor

location: smooth muscle and glands
activated by: ach and muscarine
effect: excitatory ( inc. gi motility and secretion)
MOA: Gq protein> inc ip3 and ca

Question 20

blocks muscarinic receptor

Answer 20

atropine

Question 21

alpha 1 receptor AGONIST:
*NP

alpha 1 receptor ANTAGONIST:
*PPP

Answer 21

AGONIST
norepinephrine
phenylephrine

ANTOGONIST
phenoxybenzine
phentolamine
prasozin

Question 22

alpha 2 receptor AGONIST:
*C

alpha 2 receptor ANTAGONIST:
*Y

Answer 22

AGONIST
clonidine

ANTAGONIST
yohimbine

Question 23

beta 1 receptor AGONIST:
*NID

beta 1 rector ANTAGONIST:
*PM

Answer 23

AGONIST
norepinephrine
isoproterenol
dobutamine

ANTAGONIST
propranolol
metoprolol

Question 24

beta 2 receptor AGONIST:
*AI

beta 2 rector ANTAGONIST:
*BP

Answer 24

AGONIST
albuterol
isoproterenol

ANTAGONIST
butoxamine
propranolol

Question 25

nicotinic receptor AGONIST: *CAN nicotinic receptor ANTAGONIST: *C (N1) *H (N2)

Answer 25

AGONIST carbachol ach nicotine ANTAGONIST n1- curare n2- hexamethonium

Question 26

muscarinic receptor AGONIST *CAM muscarinic receptor ANTAGONIST *A

Answer 26

AGONIST carbachol ach muscarine ANTAGONIST atropine

Question 27

3 autonomic centers found in medulla?

Answer 27

vasomotor center respiratory center swallowing, coughing, vomiting centers

Question 28

1 autonomic center found in pons

Answer 28

pneumotaxic center

Question 29

1 autonomic center found in midbrain

Answer 29

micturation center

Question 30

2 autonomic center found in hypothalamus

Answer 30

temperature regulation center thirst and food intake regulatory center

Question 31

A. ___________surrounds the nucleus and is responsible for protein synthesis. B. __________arise from the cell body and receive information from adjacent neurons. C. __________, where action potentials originate D. ________ send information to other neurons or muscle.

Answer 31

a. Cell body b. Dendrites c. axon hillock d. axon

Question 32

1._________ function as support cells for neurons 2._______ supply metabolic fuels to neurons, secrete trophic factors, and synthesize neurotransmitters. 3.________synthesize myelin in the CNS 4.__________ synthesize myelin in the PNS. 5..__________ proliferate following neuronal injury and serve as scavengers for cellular debris.

Answer 32

1.Glial cells 2.Astrocytes 3.Oligodendrocytes 4.Schwann cells 5..Microglial cells

Question 33

4 types of sensory transducers

Answer 33

mechanoreceptor photoreceptors chemoreceptors extremes of temp and pain

Question 34

what are the steps in sensory transduction

Answer 34

stimulus> ion channels opened> depolarization (except photoreceptors- hyperpolarization)> produce receptor potential (graded in size)> if exceeds threshold will produce action potential

Question 35

Detects steady stimulus a. slowly adapting/ tonic b. rapidly adapting/ phasic

Answer 35

slowly adapting

Question 36

detect onset and offset stimulus and shows decline in action potential fequency. a. slowly adapting/ tonic b. rapidly adapting/ phasic

Answer 36

rapidly adapting

Question 37

First-order neurons location: sends information to:

Answer 37

location: dorsal root or spinal cord ganglia send the information to: CNS

Question 38

Second-order neurons location: receive from: transmit to: does it cross the midline?

Answer 38

location: spinal cord or brain stem. receive from: primary afferent neurons in relay nuclei transmit to: thalamus yes which cause contralateral symtoms

Question 38

Third-order neurons location: receive from: transmit to:

Answer 38

location: thalamus receive from: relay nuclei of thalamus transmit to: cerebral cortex

Question 39

Fourth-order neurons location:

Answer 39

location: sensory area of thalamus