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HUBS 192 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

blood vascular system

A

A closed supply and drainage system - continuous loop

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2
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A open entry drainage system - a one way system

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Heart - lungs

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4
Q

Systematic circulation

A

heart - body

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5
Q

Right side of hearts job

A

Pumps blood to lungs

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6
Q

Left side of hearts job

A

pump oxygenated blood to the muscles (systemic circulation)

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7
Q

What is the supply side of the CVS

A

Arteries - carry things away from heart

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8
Q

What is the drainage side of CVS

A

Veins and lymphatics

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9
Q

What does the exchange network consist of

A

Capillaries
- continuous (controlled, tight)
- fenestrated (leaky)
- Sinusoidal (very leaky)

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10
Q

How is the heart positioned within the chest

A

turned to left and rotated anteriorly

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11
Q

Which ribs does the heart sit between

A

base - between 2 and 3
Apex - between 5 and 6

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12
Q

Where can the PMI (point of maximal impulse) be felt

A

it can be felt from the apex between the 5th and 6th ribs at the midclavicular line

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13
Q

What separates the right and left sides of the heart

A

Inter-ventricular septum

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14
Q

What veins return to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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15
Q

What lungs return to the left atrium

A

Four pulmonary veins (2 right and 2 left)

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16
Q

Layers of heart wall from inner to outer

A

Endocardium - myocardium - epicardium - pericardium

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer
simple squamous epithelium
Loose irregular FCT
small blood vessels
Purkinje fibres

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18
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker myocardium and why

A

Left side - has to pump blood all over the body so need more muscle
Volume same, pressure different

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscle layer of the heart

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20
Q

What does the epicardium contain

A

bLOOd vessels and loose irregular FCT, adipose
side note: its the outermost layer excluding pericardium

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21
Q

tWO MAIN components of the pericardium

A

Fibrous (outer) and serous (inner)

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22
Q

AV valve on left side of heart

A

Bicuspid

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23
Q

AV valve on right side

A

TRIcuspid

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24
Q

Function of semilunar valves

A

prevent blood returning into ventricles during filling

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25
Function of AV valves
Prevent blood flowing back into atrium during ventricular contraction
26
What do the AV valves require to control shutting
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
27
What are the names of the heart arteries
Coronary arteries - right - runs in right coronary groove - left - runs in left coronary groove - circumflex - Anterior interventricular
28
What are the names of the heart veins
Cardiac veins - coronary sinus (drains into the right atrium) - great cardiac vein - small cardiac vein
29
What links actin to actin in cardiac muscle cells
Adhesion belts
30
What links cytokeratin to cytokeratin in cardiac muscle cells
Desmosomes
31
What allows for electrochemical communication in cardiac muscle cells
Gap junction
32
What is the conduction system of the heart responsible for
it's actions greatly increase the efficiency of heart pumping responsible for the coordination of heart contraction and of atrioventricular valve action aUTONOMIC NERVES ALTER THE RATE OF CONDUCTION impulse generation
33
Name the major arteries and veins from the heart to the foot and back
Ascending aorta - aortic arch - descending aorta - thoracic aorta - abdominal aorta - common iliac artery - external iliac artery - femoral artery - popliteal artery - posterior tibial artery - planter arch - capillaries - deep pathway(plantar venous arch - posterior tibial vein - popliteal vein - femoral vein) or superficial (great saphenous vein) - external iliac vein - common iliac vein - inferior vena cava
34
layers of the blood vessels (from inner to outer)
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
35
Layers of the tunica intima
Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium sub-endothelium - a sparse pad of loose FCT Internal elastic lamina - condensed sheet of elastic tissue
36
Role of the endothelium in tunica intima
prevent blood from clotting within the vessel
37
tunica media
Smooth muscle thickness proportional to vessel diameter and blood pressure the higher the pressure the thicker the media. produces vasoconstriction
38
Tunica adventitia
Loose fibrous connective tissue high collagen has vasa vasorum in ones that need it
39
Arterioles
the resistance vessels of the circulation - determine blood pressure
40
Capillaries
site of exchange between blood and tissue
41
Venules
The smallest veins between capillaries and veins
42
Which layer is often the thickest in the veins
Adventitia
43
What is the thickness of the media in veins relative to arteries
much thinner
44
What is the thickest layer of arteries
Media
45
comparison between veins and arteries
veins have wider blood pathway so that they can carry the same amount of blood Arteries have thicker wall to increase the pressure
46
What do valves in the veins do
Only let the blood go one way
47
wHERE would you find a more elastic artery and a more muscular artery
Muscular - further away from heart Elastic - close to heart
48
What are the three capillary characteristics
Thin walls Large total Cross sectional area Slow and smooth flow rate - cause walls can't hold pressure, if too fast not enough time
49
RBC and capillary function
The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10
49
RBC and capillary function
The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10
49
RBC and capillary function
The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10
49
RBC and capillary function
The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10um due to this being the size of RBC which is so they they are close to the surrounding tissue and can optimise the rate of diffusion
50
wHAT are capillaries made up of
single endothelial cells
51
Where are continuous capillaries found
areas of the bidy where what leaves and enters has to be tightly controlled
52
Where are fenestrated capillaries found
Where movement of fluid and molecules occurs quickly in large volumes
53
What is the function of sinusiodal capillaries
to allow the plasma to pass into surrounding tissues without RBC's
54
What are capillaries surrounded by
a basement membrane
55
Lymph vessels characteristics
Thin walled No RBC valves
56
Where does lymph vessels link up to at the heart
upper right side - The right lymphatic duct drains into subclavian vein the left side and lower right - The thoracic duct goes into left subclavian vein
57
Where does fat from the GI tract go
lacteals - cisterna chyli - venus system
58
Diastole
Relaxing falling pressure
59
Systole
contraction risking pressure
60
5 Main phases of cardiac cycle
Arterial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, Isovolumetric relaxation and passive filling
61
Hyper tension
high blood pressure
62
Hypotension
Low blood pressure
63
Difference between electrical and contractile cells
Contractile contains high actin and myosin causing a striated appearance Electrical cells contain low actin and myosin cause a pale striated appearance
64
flow=
pressure/resistance Q=P/R
65
Mean arterial pressure =(in relation to flow)
Q X R
66
MAP =(in relation to CO)
CO x TPR
67
CO =(in relation to stroke volume and HR)
= SV X HR
68
What are Baroreceptors
Blood pressure sensors - they are stretch receptor
69
What are the 2 baroreceptors
Aortic arch and carotid sinus
70
What is the vagus nerve
The parasympathetic nerve travelling from the spinal cord to the heart
71
What nerve travels through the sympathetic trunk ganglion
The sympathetic cardiac nerve which travels to the heart
72
What is the resistance equation
1/r^4
73
Where is most blood stored
Systemic venous system
74
Compliance
change in volume/change in pressure how much the vessel will deform in response to applied force
75
Starlings law of the heart
the more stretched muscle fibres are before a contraction the stronger the contraction will be.
76
General functions of blood
transport, immune, coagulation
77
Hematopoiesis
the formation of blood cells
78
Where is haematopoiesis initiated
In red bone marrow which contains haemocytoblasts
79
What sre the progenitors for all blood cells
Hemotoblasts - blood stem cells
80
What does EPO do?
Its a chemical that tells stem cells to make more RBC

HUBS 192 (7 decks)

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