Repiratory

Question 1

Which bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity

Answer 1

Ethmoid and sphenoid

Question 2

What is the nasal septum made of

Answer 2

Cartilage - anterior
bone - posterior

Question 3

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made of

Answer 3

Hard and soft palates

Question 4

What are conchae

Answer 4

Three projections in the nasal cavity that circulate air around so that it meets the optimal requirements

Question 5

What are the conchae covered in

Answer 5

Respiratory epithelium

Question 6

What type of epithelium is in the nasal cavity

Answer 6

mostly Respiratory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium on roof as contains smell receptors

Question 7

What happens when cold air comes into the nasal cavity

Answer 7

thin walled vascular plexus dilates meaning a greater heat transfers to warm up the air

Question 8

What does Paranasal sinuses mean

Answer 8

cavity within a bone surrounding the nose

Question 9

Where is the paranasal sinuses found (bones)

Answer 9

within the frontal sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

Question 10

What is the paranasal sinuses lined with

Answer 10

respiratory mucosa

Question 11

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 11

Lighten skull, increased SA, Sound resonance, Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses

Question 12

What is the pharynx

Answer 12

Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive tracts

Question 13

What are the three regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior

Answer 13

Nasopharynx (air passage only)
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 14

What lines the nasopharynx

Answer 14

respiratory mucosa

Question 15

What blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from enetering the nasal cavity

Answer 15

Soft palate and uvula

Question 16

Where do auditory tubes drain into from the middle ear

Answer 16

Nasopharynx

Question 17

What tonsils are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Answer 17

Pharyngeal tonsils

Question 18

What passes through the oropharynx

Answer 18

Air and foos

Question 19

What epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 19

Stratified squamous for protection against abrasion

Question 20

Which two tonsils are located int he oropharynx

Answer 20

Palatine and lingual

Question 21

What passes through the laryngopharynx

Answer 21

Air and food

Question 22

What are the components of the LRT

Answer 22

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Question 23

What closes over the larynx when swallowing to prevent food from entering

Answer 23

Epiglottis

Question 24

What is the role of the cartilage in the larynx

Answer 24

Keeps airway open and unobstructed by giving it shape and protection

Question 25

what is cricoid cartilage

Answer 25

A ring of cartilage at top of the larynx making sure it remains unobstructed

Question 26

Where is the voice box and vocal cords found

Answer 26

larynx

Question 27

What is the trachea function

Answer 27

Maintain a patent airway

Question 28

What cartilage is in the trachea and what do they do

Answer 28

C shaped cartilage rings. to keep the open shape but not full rings as needs to be connected by muscle which is able to contract to push the food back up

Question 29

What are some things about the layers of the trachea

Answer 29

The lamina propria and submucosa has many elastin fibres and mucus secreting glands in submucosa

Question 30

Which epithelium is in the trachea

Answer 30

Respiratory

Question 31

what is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 31

Means that debris are able to be removed from the trachea. This is done by the mucus from goblet cells and mucous glands which coats the surface of epithelium and the cilia move it up.

Question 32

how many lobes in the right side of the lungs

Answer 32

3

Question 33

How many lobes of left side of lungs

Answer 33

2

Question 34

What is a hilum in the lungs

Answer 34

where bronchi and BV enter

Question 35

What is the apex of the lungs

Answer 35

the superior region

Question 36

What is the costal surface of the lungs

Answer 36

lateral surface against ribs

Question 37

What is the base of the lungs

Answer 37

inferior surface, sits on diaphragm

Question 38

What are the layers of the bronchial tree in the lungs

Answer 38

trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi Bronchioles many branches terminal bronchioles Alveoli

Question 39

where is the trachelis muscle located

Answer 39

the muscle that connects to the C shaped rings in the trachea and located at posterior

Question 40

What is the pattern of goblet cells, cartilage and respiratory epithelium in bronchial tree

Answer 40

Once in the secondary and tertiary bronchi the height of the respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height becoming cuboidal epithelium in the bronchioles and the number of goblet cells reduce The cartilage becomes rings again in primary bronchi with smooth muscle rings. In the secondary and tertiary they have cartilage plates as no longer need rings due to pressure. But keep ring of muscle. from bronchioles no longer need cartilage.

Question 41

Why are there so many alveoli

Answer 41

So theres a larger SA

Question 42

Alveolar epithelium

Answer 42

Simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane (so very thin)

Question 43

What is the external surface of alveoli covered in

Answer 43

Pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange

Question 44

What are pneumocytes

Answer 44

Lung epithelial cells

Question 45

What are the two types of pneumocytes

Answer 45

Type 1 - squamous which forms the respiratory membrane Type 2 - cuboidal scattered amoungst type 1, secrete surfactant; a complex lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 46

What does a roaming macrophage do in alveoli

Answer 46

remove debris that make it to alveoli

Question 47

What are the layers of the blood air barrier

Answer 47

Alveolar cell layer fused basement membrane Capillary endothelium

Question 48

What does surfactant do

Answer 48

decreases surface tension ie. makes easier to expand

Question 49

What is the FEV/FVC ratio

Answer 49

forced expiratory volume in 1 second/ how much forced vital capacity comes out in one second

Question 50

What FEV/FVC ratio indicates airway obstruction

Answer 50

< 70%

Question 51

Does a restrictive airway problem affect the spirometry ratio

Answer 51

no it will show up as normal

Question 52

Does a obstructive airway problem affect the spirometry ratio

Answer 52

Yes it will be < 70%

Question 53

What is a obstructive airway problem

Answer 53

It's a resistance to the airway ie. Asthma, chronic bronchitis

Question 54

What is a restrictive airway problem

Answer 54

Reduced lung capacity ie. reduced lung compliance, insufficient surfactant release