Cardiovascular Flashcards
(53 cards)
From the innermost to the outermost, what are the layers of the heart?
endocardium
myocardium
pericardium
fibrous pericardium
What is the pericardium consisted of?
visceral, pericardial cavity, and parietal
preload vs afterload
pre: is the amount of blood that enters heart prior to contraction while
after: is the pressure that is generated to push the blood from the ventricles into the aortas
___ inhibitors will decrease preload and angiotensin II
ACE
Inotropic drugs will influence the force of ____ ____
cardiac contraction
Chronotropic drugs affect ___ control
HR
what is the normal level for cardiac output?
3.5-8 liters/min
Atheroscleorsis
there’s buildup of plaque in the arteries which can cause ischemia, angina, and claudication
LDL vs HDL
low density lipoprotein is bad cholesterol that contains less percentage of protein compared to high density lipoprotein which is good cholesterol with a high concentration of protein
What are the layers of an artery wall? innermost to outermost
tunica intimate: has contact with blood
tunica media: layer of smooth muscle & elastic tissue
tunica externa (adventitia): layer of connective tissue
What are the steps to acquire atherosclerosis?
- the tunica intima will have rips/holes
- LDL will go into the hole, activating the immune response
- a fibroblasts will from a fibrous cap around the wound
next step happens if theres a fissure/opening in the cap - platelets and fibrin will start to accumulate, making a thrombus
How does LDL activate the immune response in atherosclerosis?
Since LDL moved into the rip, it will attract monocytes which turn into macrophages. these will start to eat the LDL and then die becoming foam cells.
T or F
When a thrombus is present, it’s considered a stable plaque.
FALSE
a thrombus is present in unstable plaque
T or F
An embolism can be made from __,__,___.
blood, air, fat
Normal BP?
Elevated BP?
Stage 1 HTN?
Stage 2 HTN?
<120/<80
120-129/<80
130-139/80-90
>140/>90
___ Na levels
___ Ca, Mg, and K level cause HTN
high
low
What are possible complications of HTN medications?
cerebral vascular accident, proteinuria, blindness, MI
What is secondary HTN and what are examples?
its HTN that happens because of another disease
examples are
-renal vascular disease: high RAAS, decreases renal flow
-renal parenchyma: damaged tubules, high RAAS
-adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumors
What are first line drug medications that are prescribed for HTN?
-thiazide type diuretics
-calcium channel blockers CCB
-ACE inhibitors
-Angiotensin II receptor blockers ARBs
What are last line drug medications for HTN?
beta blockers
alpha blockers
loop diuretics
aldosterone antagonists
T or F
Thiazide and CCB are prescribed to african americans?
true
T or F
Thiazide, ACEI’s and ARBs are prescribed to people with CKD?
False
only ACEI’s and ARBs
If theres more than a ___ drop in systole and ___ drop in diastole, its considered to be orthostatic hypotension?
20, 10
Right vs Left sided Heart Failure
Right sided HF is when the heart can’t pump enough blood to the respiratory system so it will back up into the circulatory system through the superior/inferior vena cava and its caused by LHF
Left sided HF happens when ventricle cant produce stroke volume which leads low CO, and blood in the lungs
