Immune system

Question 1

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 1

innate and adaptive

Question 2

Innate vs Adaptive

Answer 2

Innate
-its rapid
-its limited to a specific amount of microbes
-symptoms are similar to each exposure

Adaptive
- its slower
-its unique to each antigen
-it has immunologic memory

Question 3

What is the first line of the immune system? and what type is it?

Answer 3

1.skin
2.mucous membrane
3. flora/acidity in GI
Innate

Question 4

Which line of defense has inflammation?

Answer 4

the second line which consists of inflammation, and antimicrobial substances and its innate immunity?

Question 5

which is the only line of defense that is adaptive?

Answer 5

the third line of defense which consists of b cells, t helper cells and killer t cells

Question 6

These cells perform phagocytosis

Answer 6

neutrophils

Question 7

These destroy the antigen and are apart of the second and third line of defense?

Answer 7

Natural killer cells

Question 8

What are the two different cells B lymphocytes can turn into? and what does each one do?

Answer 8

memory cells- they are the rapid antibody response
plasma cells- these secret antibodies

Question 9

What are the two cells T lymphocytes can turn into? and what do they do?

Answer 9

Cytotoxic- these are the SPECIFIC antigen destroyers
Helper T cells - these start the alarm system

Question 10

Lysozymes are seen in which line of defense?

Answer 10

the first line which is in specifically the mucous membrane

Question 11

What is the pneumonic for the abundance level of WBCs?

Answer 11

Never Let Monkeys Eat bananas
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Question 12

What can cause inflammation and what are the symptoms?

Answer 12

inflammation can be caused by ischemia, trauma, foreign bodies. its symptoms consists of redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

Question 13

___ cells release histamine

Answer 13

mast

Question 14

___ cell
-contains granules
-released in inflammation/digestive substances
-is the most abundant

Answer 14

neutrophils

Question 15

Major ignitor of adaptive response and activates lymphocytes

Answer 15

monocytes

Question 16

Neutro and macrophages

Answer 16

these are phagocytes and are attracted by chemotaxis

Question 17

where can you find mast cells? and other than histamine what do they release?

Answer 17

in connective tissue, and they release prostglandins

Question 18

_____ release serotonin?

Answer 18

platelets

Question 19

There’s an injured tissue–>cell ruptures–>____ ____ is released, which enables two path ways: LOX and ____.

Answer 19

arachidonic acid
COX

Question 20

the lox pathway releases ___ while the COX pathway releases ___ and ____.

Answer 20

leukotrienes
prostaglandins, and thromboxate

Question 21

Steps in acute inflammation
1.vascular response
2.cellular response
what happens in each step?

Answer 21

1.in the vascular response, theres a period of vasoconstriction before it dilate causing increased capillary permeability (edema) and blood flow
2. in the cellular response, there are three steps
-adhesion margination:WBC’s attach to blood vessel
-transmigration: they leave vessel
-chemotaxis: leave the vessel and go to the are of inflammation

Question 22

what is the other name for transmigration ?
what causes edema?

Answer 22

diapedesis
RBCs and proteins

Question 23

How is inflammation treated?

Answer 23

-NSAIDs, aspirin which block the COX pathway, blocking prostaglandins , blocking PAIN
-corticosteroids: stops the generation of arachidonic acid

Question 24

Third line of defense is __ and ___ lymphocytes? what immunity does each provide?

Answer 24

T and B lymphocytes
T: provides cell mediated while
B: provides humoral immunity

Question 25

Active immunity

Answer 25

antibodies are produced in body natural:pathogen enter the body by a cold artificial: path. enter through a vaccine for polio

Question 26

Passive immunity

Answer 26

pathogens move through organisms natural: pregnant women gives baby pathogens artificial this is when you come into contact with the virus so you get the vaccine with the antibodies for it

Question 27

an immune response starts off with the alarm system, ___, which this releases _____, this will set off three cells ___, ____,____.

Answer 27

T4 helper t cells releases cytokines b lymphocytes, t cytotoxic cell, Natural killer cells

Question 28

T lymphocytes are produced in ____, and mature in ____. T4 cells activate what other cells with the release of cytokines? How do cytotoxic t cells differentiate between self and foreign cells?

Answer 28

bone marrow, thymus they activate macrophages, b lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic t cells differentiate using major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 29

How many types of hypersensitivity disorders are there? and what are they?

Answer 29

4 types type 1 Ig E mediated type 2 Ig M/G mediated typer 3 accumulation of antigen-antibody immune complex type 4 cell mediated

Question 30

Type 1 IgE mediated

Answer 30

these are allergic rxns, local rxns two phases -early phase (5-30 min): vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, AntiB attaches to mast cell -late phase (2-8hrs):this is when the LOX/COX pathway starts symptoms are rhinitis, asthma, hives, atopic dermatitis

Question 31

Anaphylaxis -systemic release of __,__,__ - symptoms are hypotension,____, edema, ___, GI cramps - what are the different grades?

Answer 31

histamine, prostaglandins,leukotrienes bronchospasm, itching -grade I : erythema, urticaria , possibly angioedema -grade II: hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, nausea -grade III: bronchospasm, cardia dysrhythmias -grade IIII: cardiac arrest , resuscitation

Question 32

type II IgG/M

Answer 32

-blood transfusion, myasthenia gravis, graves disease, good pasture syndrome

Question 33

type III accumulation of antibody/antigen complex

Answer 33

-systemic lupus erythimatosis, acute glomerularnephritis , rheumatoid arthritis

Question 34

systemic lupus erythimatosis

Answer 34

-the production of antiB that work against different parts of the body ex. nucleic acid -symptoms: arthritis, renal disease, rash, CV disease -treatment: corticosteroids, immunnosupressants

Question 35

type IV: cell mediated

Answer 35

-this activates T lymph instead of antibodies -can cause cell death and seen in contact dermatitis

Question 36

HIV

Answer 36

-happens with contact of bodily fluids -uses reverse transcriptase, HIV protease, and HIV integrate -treatment: CCr5 antagonists, blocks the enzymes

Question 37

Phases of HIV 1. flu like syndrome (fever headache pharyngitis, arthralgia) high viral load, low CD4 count 2.10 yrs, CD4 counts falls gradually 3. CD4 levels are below 200 or opportunistic illness

Answer 37

1. primary infection 2.chronic asymptomatic (latency) 3. over aids

Question 38

what is the normal level of CD4?

Answer 38

800-1000

Question 39

Aids

Answer 39

CDF falls below 200 or opportunistic infections (tuberculosis) treatment: antiretroviral therapy, HAART, PREP