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Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood, blood is suspended in plasma

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2
Q

cellular elements of blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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3
Q

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

A

red: contains of hemoglobin that transport oxygen
white: defend body from infection and disease
platelets: aid in the formation of clots

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4
Q

open circulatory system vs closed circulatory system

A

open: have a heart to pump hemolymph (their version of blood), but limited piping (blood diffuses through tissue)
closed: have a heart and vessels (pipes) to control the flow of blood

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5
Q

vertebrate circulatory system

A

series of pipes (blood vessels) that direct blood to various places in the body, driven by the heart, has pulmonary and systemic cirulation

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6
Q

pulmonary circulation vs systemic circulation

A

pulmonary: to and from the respiratory organs
systemic: sends blood to the rest of the body

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7
Q

blood vessels

A

system of tubes that transports blood throughout the body

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8
Q

conservation of mass

A

blood is not removed from or added to the blood vessels (volume of blood is constant)

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9
Q

pressure

A

force applied over an area

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10
Q

Fluid in pipes equations

A

As the pipe gets narrower fluid velocity increases, A1v1=A2v2

F/A1<F/A2 (A2 smaller area), as the pipe gets narrower, fluid pressure increases

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11
Q

Blood pressure (hydrostatic)

A

measured force being exerted to move blood through the system

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12
Q

3 layers (walls of blood vessels) that surround lumen

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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13
Q

vasa vasorum

A

the smaller vessels that supply blood to large blood vessels

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14
Q

what type of muscle is in the walls of arteries and veins?

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

vasoconstriction: when the smooth muscle contract
vasodilation: smooth muscles relax and vessels open

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16
Q

Arteries

A

move away from the heart
large arteries have lots of elastic fibers and less smooth muscle
tunica media is almost entirely elastic fibers
blood comes out with most energy and will have the highest velocity

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17
Q

Arterial function and disease (what is arterial disease)

A

walls of arteries expand when high pressure blood is pumped from the heart (pulse)
elastic fibers cause recoil that pushes blood further
Arterial disease is when elastic fibers harden (recoil doesn’t occur, so high pressure blood enters fragile vessels)

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18
Q

Arterioles

A

loose much of the elastic fibers and smooth muscles, direct blood to local tissues

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19
Q

capillaries

A

small tubes that connect the arteries to the veins, organized into capillary beds, where gas/nutrient exchange occurs, lack tunica media and tunica adventitia, tube made entirely of tunica intima (thin layer)

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20
Q

describe the diameter, area, blood pressure and velocity of arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

capillaries have small diameters, the largest area, the lowest velocity of blood flow
veins have the lowest blood pressure and largest diameter
arteries have highest blood pressure and velocity

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21
Q

diffusion

A

process that gases, nutrients, ions, and heat are exchanged across a membrane
occurs in capillary beds
slower the blood flow the more time for diffusion

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22
Q

microcirculation

A

capillary beds along with the arterioles and venules
flow through the beds controlled by smooth muscle (precapillary sphincters)
shunts allow for blood to completely bypass the bed

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23
Q

ischemia

A

side cramps due to a lack of sufficient blood to the stomach for digestion
exercising after a meal the skeletal muscles are given preference for bood over digestive system

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24
Q

hypotensive shock

A

after severe or traumatic injury, microcirculation may fail to regulate properly, too many vessels open leading to a drop in pressure and failure of circulation

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25
veins
collecting tubes that return blood to the heart, 70% of blood is in the veins, very low pressure
26
tuncia media in veins
primary composed of smooth muscles with very little elastic fiber
27
solutes
dissolves particles within the fluid
28
osmotic pressure
force that arises from the imbalance of solutes to move across a membrane (everything wants to even out)
29
leaked fluids in capillaries
hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to leak out at start of capillary bed osmotic pressure causes fluid to seep back in at the end of the capillary bed the lymphatic system collects this excess fluid and returns it to the veins
30
lymph fluid
carried by the lymphatic system (mostly water, dissolves proteins, and electrolytes)
31
lymphatic hearts
help move fluid via muscle action
32
lymph nodes and lymphodema
masses of lymphatic tissues filled with white blood cells (clean lymph before it enters circulatory system) lymphedema is swelling if fluid is built up in connective tissue
33
describe anterior primitive condition of heart
blood leaves heart via ventral aorta, aorta divides into external carotids and aortic arches, arches pass through gills gaining oxygen, arches reconnect into dorsal aorta, dorsal aortae travel back to the rest of the body, internal carotids feed the head and brain split, blood returning from the anterior comes through the anterior cardinal vein
34
describe posterior primitive condition of heart
dorsal aorta runs all the way to the tail (called caudal artery), braches feed blood to different organs (subclavian, renal, iliac), blood from posterior drained by posterior cardinal vein and lateral abdominal vein
35
portal systems
where blood runs from one set of capillaries to another without going through the heart (for reason other than distributing oxygen)
36
hepatic system
runs from the digestive system to the liver, delivering nutrients
37
renal system
brings blood from the tail/ rear limbs straight to the kidneys
38
afferent arteries
braches come off the ventral aorta to deliver to the capillary beds in the gills
39
efferent artery
connects to the dorsal aorta, the collecting loop empties into the efferent artery
40
aortic arch in sharks
First arch reduced into spiracle in sharks and the aortic arch is lost enlarged gills slits result in extra branches for collecting loops
41
aortic arches in teleost fish
loses both arch 1 and 2 front of the animal gets oxygenated via the external carotid that loops down from the dorsal aorta
42
aortic arches in lungfish
have gills and lungs (have arch 2) efferent branch of 6 arch turns into pulmonary artery feeding blood to lungs (beginnings of 2nd circuit) oxygenated blood flows into heart via pulmonary vein for recirculation lost gills associated with arches 3 and 4
43
where is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in lungfish directed?
deoxygenated blood returning from the body is directed into arches 5 and 6 through gills arch 6 is pulmonary arch and redirects blood to the lungs when air is gulped oxygenated blood from lungs is directed into systemic arches (3 and 4) as it leaves the heart
44
aortic arches of salamanders
caroid duct (link between 3 and 4) disappears common carotid artery now feed both carotid arteries in the head arches 3,4, and 5 feed the rest of body while 6 still has pulmonary arched branching off
45
aortic arches in frogs
1,2,and 5 are gone arch 3 is carotid arch arch 4 is sole systemic arch feeding the rest of the body arch 6 is completely separated from dorsal aorta creating closed pulmonary loop
46
aortic arches in reptiles
ventral aorta split into 3 as it comes out from heart creating 3 circuits: pulmonary trunk right and left systemic arches right systemic arch is dominant
47
pulmonary trunk
feeds directly into the lungs creating closed pulmonary loop
48
left and right systemic arch
split from the heart and rejoin again after the heart in the dorsal aorta
49
aortic arch in birds
left systemic arch never develops right systemic arch feeds the entire body connection between the left and right and the carotids is called the brachiocephalic artery
50
aortic arches in mammals
systemic arch arises from left systemic arch subclavian arches both arise from systemic arch and feed the limbs
51
carotid arch
feeds blood to the head
52
systemic arch
feeds blood to the rest of the body
53
pulmonary arch
create pulmonary circuit, arch 6
54
4 chambers of the fish heart
sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteiosus
55
4 chambers of human heart
atrium and ventricles (in left and right chambers) sinoatrial node pulmonary trunk and aortic trunk
56
valves in heart
sinoatrial, atrioventricular, and conal
57
sinoatrial valve
between sinus venosus and atrium
58
atrioventricular valve
between atrium and ventricle
59
conal valve
valves within the conus and arteriosus
60
what separates the atria from the ventricles?
left and right atrioventricular valves
61
role of pulmonary
controls blood flow into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle
62
role of aortic valve
controls flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
63
heart cavity
heart resides in the pericardial cavity that is lined by pericardium in mammals pericardium is filled with pericardial fluid
64
aspiration effect
heart is in semi rigid cavity ventricle contracts to squeeze blood out, reducing it in volume creates negative pressure that causes the venous sinus and atrium to expand
65
steps of pumping of blood
1 blood enters right atrium 2 moves into right ventricle 3 blood pumped from ventricle to lungs by pulmonary artery 4 blood returns to left atrium from lungs 5 enters left ventricle 6 left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body by the aorta
66
SA node (pacemaker)
initaites contraction wave
67
AV node (atrioventricular)
creates a delay and sends signal to apex
68
contraction of pumping blood
muscles around atria contract to squeeze blood to ventricle muscles around ventricle relax allowing them to refill muscles around ventricle contract causing blood to be squeezed out of heart muscles around atria are relaxes allowing blood to go from veins to heart
69
steps of signaling
1 pacemaker generated wave of signals to contract atria 2 signal is delayed at AV node (completely empties atria) 3 signal passes to the apex of the heart 4 signal spreads across ventricles (contract upward to push blood up)
70
systole and diastole
systole is contraction phase diastole is the relaxation phase
71
systolic and diastolic (blood pressure)
systolic is peak ventricular systole (highest pressure at ventricle) diastolic is right before ventricular contraction (body relaxing)
72
fish heart
S shaped that allows sequential contraction of atrium and ventricle and aspiration effect conus arteriosus is changes to bulbus arteriosus (lacks caridac muscles, contains elastic fibers, helps dampen blood flow directly into gills)
73
lungfish hearts
has incomplete separation within chambers atrium separated by interatrial spetum and ventricle separated by interventricular septum atrioventricular plug creates 2 channel for blood flow (oxygenated from pulmonary vein, deoxygenated from systemic vein)
74
atrioventricular plug
raised tissue that acts like a valve between chambers
75
fish heart double circuit
deoxygenated blood returning from the body is kept in right side, pulmonary arch redirect blood to the lung when it is gulped, oxygenated blood from lungs moves along left channel, blood is direct in systemic arch as it leaves heart
76
frog heart
atrium is separated and recieves bood from. pulmonary and systemic veins ventricle is not separated and has trabecular along edge the difference in O2 causes blood to separate as it passes the chamber (prevents mixing)
77
turtle heart
atrium is fully separated into 2 chambers the ventricle is considered a single chamber but is composed of 3 interconnected chambers that keep blood separate
78
crocodile heart
ventricle is fully divided left systemic arch appears to be fed by right ventricle foramen of panizza connect right and left systemic arches
79
foramen of panizza
connect right and left systemic arches, allows for greater control in different environments shunts blood away from lungs during diving so energy is not wasted when lungs lack air
80
crocodiles breathing air
ventricle contracts and oxygenated blood from left ventricle fills right systemic arch high pressure in ventricle causes blood to move across foramen panizza into left systemic arch closes lunar valve and blocks deoxygenated blood from right ventricle blood from right ventricle can only enter pulmonary arch
81
crocodiles diving
vasoconstriction occurs in pulmonary system prevent easy flow from right ventricle increases pressure in right ventricle deoxygenated blood flows through left systemic arch and into body bypassing lungs
82
diving in mammals
heart rate drops (bradycardia) reducing flow to lungs anaerobic metabolism increases generating chemical energy without oxygen microcirculation directs blood to necessary organs can't alter blood flow through heart (no shunting effect)
83
coronary artery disease
blocked blood vessels feeding the heart
84
arryhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
85
congenital heart defects
heart problems a person is born with (septal defects)
86
cardiomyopathy
abnormaility in the heart muscles
87
pacemaker
regulates heartbeat, small device placed in body to help control rhythms, uses low energy electrical pulses to prompt heart beats
88
ventricular assist device (VAD)
mechanical pump that supports heart function and blood flow, heart is not relaced just assisted creates pump for blood to go into aorta, does job of right ventricle
89
total atrificial heart (TAH)
completely replaces both ventricles, end stage heart failure, temporary replacement while awaiting a heart transplant
90
mechanical devices that aide the heart
pacemaker, VAD, and TAH
91
why would you get a pacemaker?
arrhythmia (abnormal heart rate)- tachycardia (too fast) and bradycardia (too slow)that prevents heart from pumping sufficient blood heart block: electrical signal is disrupted as it moves across the heart
92
types of pacemakers
single chamber: wire goes to the right ventricle alone dual chambers: wires go to both right ventricle and atrium biventricular: wire goes to the right atrium, and both ventricles
93
types of progamming of pacemakers
demand pacemaker is when it monitors heartbeat and sends signal if something goes wrong (waits for something to go wrong) rate responsive speeds up or slows down rate based on activity level
94
types of VAD
LVAD: blood enter pump from left ventricle and pumped directly into aorta RVAD: blood enters pump from right atrium and pumped directly into pulmonary artery BiVAD: combination of LVAD and RVAD
95
History of artificial heart
1983 is when first artificial heart successfully transported into dog 1949 is when precursor of TAH is built at Yale 1952 is when first mechanical heart is used to keep human alive during surgery 1964 wants to devoplot TAh by end of decade 1969 first surgical use of TAH (survived 64 hrs) 1982 first attempt to permanently implant TAH 1985 successfully used as bridge to tranplantation 1990 FDA revoked approval (manufacturing issues)
96
Jarvil TAH pateints
in 1982 first patient lasted 112 days but died to circulatory collaspe second patient lasted 620 days did due to blood clots and strokes (circulation not working properly)
97
artifical hearts currently under development
BiVACOR (has pulse) soft artificial heart

Anatomy (7 decks)

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