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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

ontogeny

A

embryonic development

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2
Q

gastrulation

A

process that creates the gut of the animal

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3
Q

neurulation

A

process of forming the neural tube

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4
Q

Organogenesis

A

formation of organs from tissue

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5
Q

maturation

A

process from birth/ hatching to adulthood

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6
Q

ectoderm

A

embryonic tissue layer

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7
Q

mesoderm

A

embryonic tissue layer

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8
Q

endoderm

A

embryonic tissue layer

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9
Q

Old hypothesis of ontogeny: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny,

A

ontogeny is a condensed version of evolution, all went through fish phase

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10
Q

Alternative hypothesis of ontogeny: Law of the general to the specific

A

young embryos are undifferentiated, not until later in development that taxon-specific features arise

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11
Q

pharyngeal pouches

A

bays inside the embryonic pharynx

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12
Q

isometry

A

growing at same rate

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13
Q

allometry

A

growing at a different rate

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14
Q

How do vertebrates move?

A

by changing the angle between joints at the bone

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15
Q

exoskeleton

A

derived from the dermis or epidermis

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16
Q

endoskeleton

A

derived from the mesoderm within the body

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17
Q

dermal bone

A

ossifies directly from fibrous membranes, common in skull, jaws and shoulder girdle

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18
Q

endocranial bone

A

ossifies from hyaline cartilage, key to long bone formation

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19
Q

chondrocranium

A

lies in line with the vertebral column, initially formed from cartilage that supports the brain and sensory capsules, three parts: braincase, nasal capsule, and otic capsule

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20
Q

chondrocranium in bony fish is replaced by

A

endochondral/ cartilage bone

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21
Q

splanchnocraniumm

A

supports gills and respiratory structures; derives jaws, hyoid, and gill arches;as well as the jaws in gnathostomes composed of a series of arches that originally supported the pharyngeal slits

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22
Q

compenetns of mandibular (arch) jaws

A

palaroquadrate and Meckel’s cartilage

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23
Q

Palatoquandrate

A

dorsal component of the mandibular arch

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24
Q

Meckel’s cartilage

A

ventral component of the mandibular arch

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25
dermatocranium
dermal bones that originally arose as bony armor in early fishes, in gnathostomes sunk and are associated with chondrocranium and splanchnocranium, in modern fish and amphibians the dermal bone is reduced; most bones are encased by bone-derived from the dermatocranium (surrounds everything)
26
serial theory
jaws arose from a single arch
27
composite theory
jaws arose from parts of several arches
28
palatoquadrate reduced to articular element that are called:
quadrate and epipterygoid
29
palatoquadrate is places by two bones derived from the facial series of the dermatocranium
maxilla and premaxilla
30
what forms dentry?
dermal bone that surrounds the Meckel's cartilage
31
skull fenestration
increase in the 'openness' of the skull
32
cranial kinesis
increase (or decrease) in skull mobility
33
Sharpey's fibres
specific collagen fibres that attach the tendon to the bone
34
ligaments
connects bone to bone
35
pterygoid walk
mobile bones slide beyond the brain case, detach upper jaw, crawling/ walking jaw along prey, bite down, move other
36
mammal akinetic skull
mammals lack cranial kinesis, more restricted jaw movement because of distinctive interlocking teeth
37
vertebral segments
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
38
dorsal arches
protect the neural tube, have neural and interneural arches
39
ventral arches
protect blood vessels, have hemal and interhemal arches
40
centra
form the ventral arches, support the notochord, have pleurocentrum and intercentrum arches
41
aspondyly
lack centra
42
monospondyly, dispondyly and polyspondyly
1,2, and 5-6 central per segment
43
true ribs
connect to the sternum
44
false ribs
connect to each other
45
floating ribs
have no distal connection
46
ribs connect othe vertebrate at two processes:
diapophyses and parapohysis
47
Role of intervertebral ligaments
keeps vertebrae in line
48
heterocercal
fish tail with unequal upper and lower lobes, creates lift when the are swung back and forth
49
water vs land
on water, the body of a fish is supported by the water surrounding it on land, gravity acts to push downwards with the limb to resist
50
zygapophyses
interlock with adjacent vertebrae to resist torsion during their unique movementsacral regions
51
sacral region
strengthens the connection between the hind limbs and the axial skeleton
52
cervical vertebrae
allows the head to be lifted and moved independently from the front limbs
53
lumbar vertebrate
thoracic vertebrae that have lost their ribs
54
synsacrum
fusion of the caudal, sacral and lumbar vertebrae in birds
55
syndovial joints
allow for considerable motion
56
synarthrosis
joint that greatly restricts or permits relative movement
57
synovial hoint capsule
defines the synovial cavity
58
synovial memebrane
secrets synovial fluids
59
articular cartilage
caps ends of the bone within the cavity
60
hinge joints
allow motion is only one direction
61
pivot joints
allows rotary movement around one axis
62
condyloid joints
allow movement in two planes
63
saddle joints
shaped like a saddle and allow movement in two direction
64
ball and socket joints
allows circular motion, shoulder and hip joint
65
gliding plane joints
relatively flat surfaces between the bone, allowing for a great deal of gliding, writs and ankles
66
symphysis joints
associates with the midline of the body
67
syndemosis
bones are connected by dense fibrous tissue
68
synostosis
bones are directly connected, often called sutures
69
yield
permanent deformation occurs
70
strength
how much stress or deformation can be resisted before yield or fracture
71
fracture
actual separation of material, or break occurs
72
yield point
material failure, the material has weakened
73
plastic deformation
cant recover, is permanent
74
elastic deformation
weaker but can recover
75
fracture point
material has broken
76
strain energy absorption capability
the measure of toughness, the area under the curve
77
cantilever beams
bending with bother tension (top) and compression (bottom) has a neutral axis under no strain
78
second moment of area
the measure of how the material is distributed in cross-section, the more material distributed from the center,l the stiffer the beam
79
local buckling
failure in the walls of a tube
80
endotendon
within tendon
81
epitendon
surrounds tendon
82
paratendon
outside epitendon, allows the tendon to move against other tissue (buffer allows movement)
83
tendons
connect bone to muscle
84
two types of bone
compact and trabecular
85
osteon
cylindrical structure composed of osteocytes within the lamellar matrix
86
haversion canal
canal at center of the osteons, contain the blood supply
87
lamellae
matrix within the osteons are arranged a lamellae
88
calcium in bones
when blood Ca drops bone releases Ca into blood
89
bone marrow in bones
has resources to build red and white blood cells
90
modeling
changes shape, length and thickness of bone
91
remodeling
changes density, entirely internal and occurs through a lifetime
92
ostrocytes
hard matrix in bone
93
osteoblasts
creates bone material
94
osteoclasts
remove bone material
95
bisphosphonates
inhibit reabsorption of osteoclasts
95
osteoporosis
disease in the bones is associates with increased fracture risk as osteoblasts cant keep up with osteoclasts
96
fibril sliding
allows for the deformation of bone with out separation

Anatomy (7 decks)

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