Cardiovascular Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What are the THREE primary affectors of the cardiovascular system?`
A
- Endocrine system
- Nervous System
- Kidneys
2
Q
Plasma makes up ____ (percentage) of blood.
A
55%
3
Q
Erythrocytes, also measured as _______, makes up ______ (percentage) of the blood.
A
Hematocrit
45%
4
Q
The “buffy coat” of the blood is made up of _______________ (Two Things).
A
Leukocytes and Platelets
5
Q
The two “roadways” of the circulatory system are the ___________ and _____________.
A
Pulmonary Loop
Systemic Loop
6
Q
The pulmonary loop carries _______ blood to the lungs and back to the heart.
A
Oxygen-poor
7
Q
The systemic loop carries _________ from the heart to the rest of the body.
A
Oxygen-rich
8
Q
T/F: There are more than 1 loops that make up the systemic loop.
A
True
9
Q
Name an example of a “leak” that is problematic to these “roadways”.
A
Hemorrhage
10
Q
The heart is actually ____ pumps in one.
A
2
11
Q
What are the advantages of this “2 pumps in 1” system. (THREE)
A
- One electrical impulse, two ventricular contractions
- Easier to contract against one another (Shared wall) - USES LESS ATP
- Keeps the lungs close to the systemic system
12
Q
What is the PRIMARY disadvantages of this “2 pumps in 1” system.
A
If there is an imbalance between the left/right sides the whole system could be messed up.
EX: If the right-side does not deliver than the left has nothing to pump out
13
Q
The Hepatic Portal System picks up “passengers” in the _______ and gets them into the system via the ________.
A
GI Tract
Liver
14
Q
The hepatic portal system runs ______ - _________ - _________.
A
Vein-Capillary-Vein
15
Q
The hypothalamic portal system picks up hormones in the _________ and drops them off at the __________.
A
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
16
Q
The hypothalamic portal system runs ________ - _________ - ________
A
Vein-Capillary-Vein
17
Q
The capillary beds of the Nephron run ______ - ___________ - _______
A
Artery-capilary-artery
18
Q
The capillary beds of the nephron primarily _______ blood.
A
filter
19
Q
All arteries carry _______ blood _______ from the heart
A
Oxygenated
Away
20
Q
All veins carry ______ blood ________ the heart
A
Deoxygenated
Toward
21
Q
What are two examples of arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.
A
- Pulmonary
2. Umbilical
22
Q
_____ (Percentage) of your blood is in your veins at any given time.
A
60%
23
Q
Only _____ (Percentage) of your capillary beds are open at one time.
A
5-10%
24
Q
If all your capillary beds opened at once there would be a significant _________ in hydrostatic pressure, otherwise known as shock.
A
Decrease
25
Force equals.......
The change in pressure / resistance
26
what THREE things contribute to resistance.
1. Blood viscosity
2. Total vessel length
3. Blood vessel diameter
27
Dilated vessels _______ resistance, constricted vessels _________ resistance.
Decrease
| Increase
28
Of all the components of resistance, what has the greatest effect on resistance?
Radius
29
Capillary beds can reduce blow flow to another capillary bed by _________ resistance just before the bed.
increasing
30
When exercising blood volume significantly increases in the ______________, ________, and ___________.
Skeletal muscles
Heart
Skin
31
When exercising blood volume significantly decreases in the ______________, ________, and ___________.
Kidneys
Abdominal organ
Other
32
When exercising the blood volume to the brain remains _______ but the percentage of blood _________.
the same
| decreases
33
The amount of blood pumped per minute ________ with exercise because it is being pumped through the system _______.
Increases
| Faster
34
The epicardium is the most ______ layer of the heart
Superficial
35
The most visceral layer of the epicardium is referred to as the __________.
Pericardium
36
The myocardium is the __________ layer of heart muscle
Middle
37
Where is the bulk of the heart mass?
Myocardium
38
What layer of the heart contracts?
Myocardium
39
The endocardium is the ________ layer of the heart.
inner
40
The endocardium is composed of __________.
Endothelium.
41
The endocardium is a continuous lining with the blood vessels to prevent ________ and _________.
clotting
| trauma
42
What are the 4 valves of heart?
1. Tricuspid Valve
2. Pulmonary Valve
3. Mitral Valve
4. Aortic Valve
43
The two artioventricular valves are the _______ and _______
Tricuspid
| Mitral
44
T/F: Every heart cells contracts with every beat of the heart
True
45
Only about ____ (Percent) of the heart cells are replaced each year.
1%
46
_____ (percentage) of cardiac cells make up the conducting system and utilize ______ junctions.
1%
| Gap
47
The atria secretes whet peptide hormone?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
48
ANP regulates the the concentration of _______ in the ECF.
Na+
49
The heart is innervated by both the __________ and __________ nervous systems.
Parasympathetic
| Sympathetic
50
The SNS releases __________ which _______ __ heart rate.
Norepinephrine
| Speeds Up
51
The PSNS releases primarily ____________ which ______ ____ heart rate.
Acetylcholine
| Slows down
52
The heart also receives ________ through the blood stream from the ________ gland.
Epinephrine
| Adrenal
53
Which is faster, norepinephrine delivery through the SNS or epinephrine delivery through the blood stream?
Norepinephrine delivery through the SNS
54
Where does the electrical signal in the heart start?
SA (Sinoatrial) node
55
There is a _____ second delay between the AV node and the bundle of His.
.1
56
What does the delay between the AV and the bundle of His allow for?
Ventricular filling
57
Once the electrical signal has traveled between the SA and AV node it travels to the _________, then downward through the ________ _______ which start in the ventricular septum.
Bundle of His
| Purkinje Fibers
58
Once the Purkinjie Fibers reach the bottom of the ventricular septum, they travel where?
Outward along the outside of the right and left ventricles
59
The inveration of the Purkinje Fibers allow the ventricles to contract from the _______. (THINK: Toothpaste).
Bottom up
60
The refractory (re-polarization) period of heart cells is ______.
Long
61
Why is a long refractory period beneficial in heart cells?
1. Allows for complete emptying
| 2. Prevents spasms
62
In a healthy heart what is the "pacemaker"?
SA Node
63
If the SA Node "broke, what would take over? What would happen to the HR?
```
AV Node (then the AV bundle, then right/left bundle brances, then Purkinijie Fibers)
Slow down
```
64
What are uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions known as.
Arrhythmia
65
What are rapid and irregular contractions known as?
Fibrillation (SA Node no longer in control)
66
Atrial fibrillation can cause what two things?
1. Clotting
| 2. Insufficient ventricle filling
67
The life threatening condition where the ventricles pump ineffectively and without filling is known as what?
Ventricular Fibrillation
68
The application of an electrical stimulus to shock the heart back into rhythm is known as what?
Defibrillation.
69
Ectopic focus is when abnormal pacemaker takes over the ______ _______ of the heart.
Conduction system
70
Premature contractions are also referred to as __________.
Extrasystole
71
Damage to the AV node results in a ______ _______.
Heart block
72
What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. Ventricular filling
2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
3. Ventricular ejection
4. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
73
During Isovolumetric ventricular contraction the AV and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.
Closed
74
During ventricular ejection the AV valves are ______ and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.
Closed
| Open
75
During Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation the AV and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.
Closed
76
During ventricular filling the AV valves are ______ and Aortic/Pulmonary valves are ________.
Open
| Closed
77
T/F: Systole is longer than Diastole.
False (Diastole is longer)
78
What two phases of the cardiac cycle occur during Diastole?
1. Ventricular filling
| 2. Isovolumetric Ventricular relaxtion
79
What two phases of the cardiac cycle occur during Systole?
1. Ventricular Ejection
| 2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
80
During ventricular filling, atrial pressure is ______ than ventricular pressure and the AV valves are _______.
Greater
| Open
81
During Isovolumetric contraction, blood volume _________, because there is not a pressure difference between the ____ valves.
Stays the same
| Aortic/Pulmonary valve
82
During ventricular ejection, ventricular pressure becomes _______ than aortic/pulmonary pressures, A/P valves are now _________, causing blood to flow _____.
Greater
Open
Out
83
During Isovolumetric relaxation, the ventricles are relaxing but volume is __________, and the A/P valves are now _______.
not changing
| closed
84
Explain the Dicortic notch. (THINK: Roller coaster not making it over the hill)
When blood is pumped out during ventricular ejection, some does not make it over the aortic arch and falls back down
85
What are the coronary ostia?
Opening in the aorta that lead to the coronary arteries, blood reaching these when it "falls back down the aorta".
86
What are you hearing when you listen to heart sounds?
Closing of the valves
87
Murmurs are caused by ________ often from stenotic or leaky valves.
turbulence
88
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle every minute.
89
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
90
What is the most common way to change cardiac output?
Change heart rate
91
Things that increase heart rate are _________ chronotropic factors.
Positive
92
Things that decrease heart rate are _________ chronotropic factors.
negative
93
What is stroke volume
The difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume.
SV = EDV - ESV
94
If you had a ventricular volume of 100 ml (EDV) and you have 30 ml after systole (ESV) what would the stroke volume be?
100 - 30 = 70 ml
95
The degree to which the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before contraction is known as what?
Preload
96
Sterling's Law focuses on an optimal ________ to ________ relationship.
Length to tension
| THINK: Slingshot - the more you pull back = increased preload
97
Increasing venous return or slowing the heart rate ________ the EDV.
Increases
| THINK: The more you load = more you send
98
Stroke volume can also increase through what?
Become a more efficient emptier.
99
Ejection fraction equals.....
Stroke Volume divided by End diastolic volume
| 50%-70% is the normal range
100
How can you improve the EF?
Increase contractility
101
What is after load? (THINK: resistance)
The pressure that ventricles most overcome to force open the A/P valves
102
What are the easiest conditions for a heart to work? (Preload/Afterload)
High Preload
| Low Afterload
103
Veins are more _______ than arteries.
Compliant
104
The more compliant a structure is, the more it can be ______ without causing an ________ in pressure.
stretched
| increase
105
Pressure ______ as it travels _______ from the heart.
decreases
| further
106
Pressure is typically ______ in pulmonary circulation because of what two things?
lower
1. Shorter Distance
2. Delicate Capillaries
107
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is what.....?
Diastolic Pressure - Pulse Pressure
108
What is pulse pressure?
Systolic pressure - Diastolic PRessure
109
MAP is closer to pressure?
Diastolic (b/c you spend more time there)
110
These vessels control minute-to-minute blood flow to the capillaries.
Arterioles
111
If you need to increase flow to a tissue you could do what 2 things?
1. Increase the BP
| 2. Decrease resistance (vasodilatation)
112
If you need to decrease flow to a tissue you could do what 2 things?
1. Decrease the BP
| 2. Increase resistance (Vasoconstriction)
113
What are the most common form of capillaries and allow for the passage of fluids/small solutes? Where are the found?
1. Continuous capillaries
| 2. Skin and Muscle
114
What type of capillaries are more permeable, allowing more rapid transfer? Where are they found?
1. Fenestrated Capillaries
| 2. Kidneys, Intestines, Endocrine tissues
115
What are the leaky capillaries that allow large molecules to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues? Where are they found?
1. Sinusoidal Capillaries
| 2. Liver, Bone Marrow, Lymphatics
116
Blood velocity is __________ in the capillaries.
Slowest
117
Non-polar substances (ie. O2, CO2) pass through the membrane __________.
Very easily
118
Water passes through a membrane _________.
Fairly easily - but slower than O2/CO2
119
Polar substances pass through a membrane _______, unless the capillary wall has fenestrations or clefts.
Slowly
120
Proteins can only cross using _________ capillaries.
Sinusoidal
121
The force exerted by the fluid pressing against a wall is called what?
Hydrostatic pressure
122
In capillaries, hydrostatic pressure tends to force fluid _______.
Out (Filtration)
123
The force that opposes hydrostatic pressure is known as what?
Colloid osmotic pressure
124
In capillaries, colloid osmotic pressure tends to pull fluid
In
125
Colloid osmotic pressure remains ______ throughout the length of the cappilary.
constant
126
Early on in a capillary, hydrostatic pressure is ________, and colloid osmotic pressure is ____________.
Higher
| Lower
127
Later on in a capillary, hydrostatic pressure is ________, and colloid osmotic pressure is ____________.
Lower
| Higher
128
Every minute 1.5 ml of fluid is lost to interstitial space, how does your body keep this from flooding the interstitium?
The lymphathic system
129
What are the two important roles of the Lymphatic System? + 1 minor one?
1. House and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes
2. Give a surveillance site to examine and clean lymphatic fluid
3. Preform a quality check
130
Veins have _____, which help prevent the ______ of blood.
Valves
| Backflow
131
What are the two "pumps" of the Venous system?
1. Respiratory Pump
| 2. Muscular Pump
132
The respiratory pumps works with.......
Pressure changes in the central cavity generated while breathing
133
The muscular pump works while......
muscle contract and squeeze veins moving blood back toward the heart.
