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Anatomy and Physiology II > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circuits

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2
Q

Which circuit is on the right side of heart and

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart?

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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3
Q

Which circuit is on the left side of the heart and Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart?

A

Systemic Circuit

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4
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the LEFT SIDE of the heart?

A
  • Fully oxygenated blood arrives from lungs via pulmonary veins
  • Blood sent to all organs of the body via aorta
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5
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the RIGHT SIDE of the heart?

A
  • Oxygen-poor blood arrives from inferior and superior venae cavae
  • Blood sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk
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6
Q

Where is the heart located and what are the 2 major divisions?

A

In the mediastinum between the lungs.

Base and Apex (apex is the tilted corner)

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7
Q

What is the double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Allows heart to beat without friction, provides room to expand, yet resists excessive expansion?

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Parietal pericardium?

A

Fibrous and Serous layers

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9
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Serous membrane covering heart

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10
Q

What is the space inside the pericardial sac filled with 5 to 30 mL of pericardial fluid called?

A

Pericardial cavity

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11
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A

painful inflammation of the membranes

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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13
Q

What muscle is myocardium made out of?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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14
Q

What are striated, short, thick, branched cells, with one central nucleus?

A

Cardiocytes

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15
Q

What join the cardiocytes end to end?

A

Intercalated discs

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16
Q

What are the two superior chambers that receive blood returning to heart?

A

Right and Left Atria

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17
Q

What are the two inferior chambers that pump blood into arteries?

A

Right and Left Ventricles

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18
Q

What separates the atria and ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

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19
Q

What divides the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

A

Interventricular Sulcus

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20
Q

What does Sulci contain?

A

Coronary Arteries

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21
Q

What is the wall that separates the atria?

A

Interatrial Septum

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22
Q

What are the Internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles called?

A

Pectinate Muscles

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23
Q

What is the Muscular wall that separates ventricles called?

A

Interventricular Septum

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24
Q

What is the Trabeculae carneae?

A

The internal ridges in both ventricles

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25
What do the valves of the heart ensure?
one-way flow of blood through heart
26
What do the Atrioventricular (AV) valves control?
blood flow between atria and ventricles
27
How many cusps does the right AV valve have and what are they formally called?
Tricuspid Valve
28
How many cusps does the left AV valve have and what are they formally called?
Bicuspid Valve
29
What is the Chordae tendineae?
Cords that connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles
30
What controls flow of blood into great arteries; open and close because of blood flow and pressure?
Semilunar Valves
31
Where is the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve?
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
32
Where is the Aortic Semilunar Valve?
between left ventricle and aorta
33
What happens when ventricles relax?
AV valves open, and blood flows from atria to ventricles
34
What happens when ventricles contract?
AV valves close as blood attempts to back up into the atria and Semilunar valves open, blood flows into great vessels
35
What is a Myocardial infarction (MI)?
A heart attack (Interruption of blood supply to the heart from a blood clot or fatty deposit)
36
What are arterial anastomoses?
provides alternative routes of blood flow (collateral circulation) within the myocardium
37
What is Angina pectoris?
chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow
38
What does the coronary sinus do?
Collects blood and empties into right atrium
39
What is the Conduction System?
An internal pacemaker which distributes nerve-like conduction pathways through myocardium
40
What are Sinoatrial (SA) nodes?
The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium. The electrical impulses are generated there.
41
What is the Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) and what does it do?
An Electrical gateway to the ventricles / insulator prevents currents from getting to ventricles by any other route / LOCATED AT THE END OF INTERATRIAL SEPTUM
42
Where is the Atrioventricular Bundle? (AV Bundle) located?
Branches pass through interventricular septum toward apex
43
What are nerve-like processes that spread throughout ventricular myocardium?
Purkinje fibers
44
What do sympathetic nerves do?
increase heart rate and contraction strength
45
What do parasympathetic nerves do?
slows down heart rate
46
What are the 2 cycles of events in the heart and what do they do?
Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation
47
What is the normal sinus rhythm for adults?
70-80 bpm
48
What is a region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node that happens when the SA Node is damaged?
Ectopic focus
49
What is the rhythm called when the SA node is damaged, and the heart rate is set by AV node, 40 to 50 bpm?
Nodal Rhythm
50
What are the 3 phases to cardiocyte action potential?
depolarization, plateau, repolarization
51
What records all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells?
EKG (Electrocardiogram)
52
What is it called when the SA node fires and the atria depolarizes and contracts on the EKG?
The P Wave
53
What is the QRS Complex?
Ventricular Depolarization
54
What is the T Wave?
Ventricular Repolarization
55
What is the ST segment of the EKG?
A plateau of myocardial action potential
56
What can cause abnormal heart beats?
Myocardial infarction (MI) Abnormalities in conduction pathways Heart enlargement Electrolyte and hormone imbalances
57
What is a full cardiac cycle and how long does it usually take?
A full contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart - takes .8 seconds
58
What is Auscultation?
Listening to the sounds of the body
59
What are the louder and longer “lubb,” occurs with closure of AV valves, turbulence in the bloodstream, and movements of the heart wall?
S1 (First Heart Sound)
60
What are the softer and sharper “dupp,” occurs with closure of semilunar valves, turbulence in the bloodstream, and movements of the heart wall?
S2 (Second Heart Sound)
61
What do you call the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute and how much is released?
Cardiac Output (CO) / 4-6 Liters per minute
62
What is the equation for Cardiac Output?
heart rate x stroke volume
63
What is the surge of pressure produced by heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery called?
A Pulse
64
What is Tachycardia?
When HR is more than 100 Bpm
65
What is Bradycardia?
When HR is less than 60 Bpm
66
What is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction called?
Stroke Volume
67
What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)?
a constriction of the coronary arteries

Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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