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Anatomy and Physiology II > Endocrine System (Glands) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Glands) Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is an Example of Positive Feedback?

A

Contractions during childbirth where OT (Oxytocin) is continuously released.

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2
Q

What is an Example of Negative Feedback?

A

thyroid hormone+ inhibits release of TRH by hypothalamus and of TSH by anterior pituitary

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3
Q

What do the Endocrine and Nervous systems specialize in and what do they use to do this?

A

Communication and Coordination. Endocrine uses hormones and Nervous uses neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What are 3 differences between the Endocrine and Exocrine glands?

A
  1. Exocrine glands have ducts Endocrine glands do not
  2. Exocrine does external secretions and Endocrine does internal secretions
  3. Exocrine glands have extracellular effects and Endocrine glands have intracellular effects
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5
Q

What are 4 principle mechanisms of communication between cells that the body uses?

A

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrines

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6
Q

What are 3 traits of communication in the nervous system?

A

Reacts quickly and stops quickly, response adapts quickly to long-term stimuli, targeted and specific to one organ

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7
Q

What are 3 traits of communication in the endocrine system?

A

Reacts slowly, response adapts slowly to long-term stimuli, general/widespread affects to multiple organs

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located and what are the 2 parts?

A

suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum. Anterior and Posterior

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9
Q

What are the 6 hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) ?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin Hormone (PH), and Growth Hormone (GH or somatotropin)

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10
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis) ?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OT)

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11
Q

What are two Pituitary disorders caused by hyper-secretion of the GH?

A

Gigantism (continuation of bone growth during adolescence) and Acromegaly (thickening of bones and soft tissues during adulthood)

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12
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Triggers thyroid glands to release thyroid hormones

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13
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates the adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids

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14
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males

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15
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

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16
Q

What does PH do?

A

Stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production

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17
Q

What does GH do?

A

Stimulates cell growth and replication, mitosis, and cellular differentiation

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18
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increases water retention (reducing urine volume and prevents dehydration), Elevates blood pressure by vasoconstriction. (inactive: (adrenal disorder) Diabetes insipidus: chronic polyuria)

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19
Q

What does OT do?

A

Contractions during childbirth and lactation in mammary glands

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20
Q

What promotes the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in the hypothalamus? (TSH)

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

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21
Q

What promotes the release of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in the hypothalamus? (ACTH)

A

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

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22
Q

What promotes the release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone in the hypothalamus (LH) ?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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23
Q

What INHIBITS secretion of Prolactin Hormone in the hypothalamus (PH) ?

A

Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone (PIH)

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24
Q

What INHIBITS secretion of Growth Hormone in the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland (GH) ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Somatostatin in the Hypothalamus and TSH in the Pituitary Gland

25
In times of stress the hypothalamus produces...?
ACTH
26
During pregnancy the hypothalamus secretes...?
Prolactin
27
Growth Hormone has widespread effects on which parts of the body?
Cartilage, muscle, bone, and fat
28
What does the pineal gland (or internal clock) synthesize from serotonin at night?
Melatonin
29
What are the 2 hormones released by the Thyroid Gland that are triggered by TSH?
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
30
What are T3 and T4 responsible for in the body?
Increase metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, appetite, alertness, and reflex speed
31
What contains the protein: Colloid
Thyroid Follicles (lined by simple cuboidal cells)
32
Which cells secrete Calcitonin?
C cells
33
What do parathyroid glands secrete and where?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in hypocalcemia
34
What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do?
Promotes synthesis of calcitriol
35
What are the 3 layers of the Adrenal Cortex?
Zona Glomerulosa (outer layer), Zona Fasciculata (middle layer), Zona Reticularis (inner layer)
36
What does the Zona Glomerulosa secrete?
mineralocorticoids
37
What does the Zona Fasciculata secrete?
glucocorticoids
38
What does the Zona Reticularis secret?
Sex steroids
39
What 2 hormones does the Adrenal Medulla secrete?
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
40
What do mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) do?
Regulate electrolyte balance (Na+ retention and K+ excretion)
41
What do glucocorticoids (cortisol) do?
Increase blood-glucose level (Anti-inflammatory effect)
42
What do sex steroids (androgens) do?
Plays large role in male development (converts to testosterone)
43
What causes Cushing Syndrome and what are 3 effects?
Excess cortisol secretion causes it. Hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, abnormal fat deposition (Moon face and buffalo hump)
44
What are the 2 clusters of endocrine cells?
Langerhans and Pancreatic Islets
45
What do Alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
46
What do Beta cells produce?
Insulin
47
What does Glucagon do?
Raises blood glucose
48
What does Insulin do?
Lowers blood glucose
49
What disorder is described as hyposecretion or inaction of insulin and what are the symptoms?
Diabetus Mellitus- intense thirst & hunger and excess urine output
50
What is the hereditary type diabetes that uses insulin injections to monitor glucose levels?
Type I diabetes
51
Which diabetes is 90%-95% of all diabetics that is treated mainly by diet and exercise?
Type II diabetes
52
Where do T cells go through maturation?
The Thymus
53
Testes and ovaries are both endocrine and..?
Exocrine. ( Eggs and sperm are exocrine and steroids are endocrine. )
54
What are the 2 ovarian hormones?
progesterone and estrogen
55
What hormone is secreted for 12 days following ovulation?
progesterone
56
Which hormones develop female reproductive system, physique, regulates menstrual cycle, and sustains pregnancy?
Estradiol and Progesterone
57
What does testosterone do?
Stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus and adolescent
58
Kidneys play a role to produce what 3 hormones?
Calcitriol, Renin, and Erythropoietin

Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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