Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2a Pharmacology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists

Examples

A
  • Spironolactone

- Eplerenone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists

MofA

A

Competitively bind to the aldosterone receptor, increasing sodium and water excretion, and potassium retention in distal convoluted tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists

Uses

A
  • Ascites / oedema in liver cirrhosis –> 1st line = Spironolactone
  • Congestive heart failure - in addition to Beta-blockers or ACE-I or ARB
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists

Side effects

A
  • Hyperkalaemia (leading to muscle weakness, arrhythmia)

- Spironolactone –> can cause gynaecomastia (enlargement of mans breast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists

Contraindications

A
  • Pregnancy or lactating women!!!
  • Severe renal impairment
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Addison’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists

Interactions

A
  • ACE-I’s and ARB’s - both increase serum potassium

- Potassium supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alpha-blockers

Examples

A
  • Doxazosin

- Tamulosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Alpha-blockers

MofA

A

Block alpha-1 adrenoreceptors in smooth muscle, inducing relaxation
Causes vasodilation and reduced resistance to bladder outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alpha-blockers

Uses

A
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia

- Resistant hypertension (only doxazosin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alpha-blockers

Side effects

A
  • Postural hypertension
  • Dizziness
  • Tamsulosin –> 3 D’s (Dizziness, Drowsiness, Depression)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alpha-blockers

Contraindications

A
  • Existing postural hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ACE-Inhibitors

Examples

A

End in PRIL

  • Ramipril
  • Lisinopril
  • Enalapril
  • Perindopril
  • Trandolapril
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ACE-Inhibitors

MofA

A

Block ACE, so prevent the conversion of angiotension 1 to angiotensin 2, lowering the peripheral vascular resistance - especially the efferent glomerular arteriole

Also block breakdown of bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ACE-Inhibitors

Uses

A
  • 1st line for hypertension
  • 1st line for chronic heart failure
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Diabetic nephropathy and CKD with proteinuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ACE-Inhibitors

Side effects

A
  • Hypotension
  • Cough (due to increased bradykinin)
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Angioedema
  • Acute renal failure (if excess ACE-I given)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ACE-Inhibitors

Contraindications

A
  • Renal artery stenosis
  • AKI
  • Pregnancy !!!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ACE-Inhibitors

Interactions

A
  • Potassium supplements
  • Potassium sparing diuretics
  • Combining with NSAID’s increases risk of renal failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Examples

A

End in SARTAN

  • Candesartan
  • Losartan
  • Valsartan
  • Irbesartan
  • Telmisartan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers

MofA

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Block action of angiotensin 2 on the AT1 receptor
  • Reduces peripheral vascular resistance
  • Reduces aldosterone levels –> promoting sodium and water excretion, helping reduce venous preload –> HF
20
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Uses

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 2nd line for hypertension
  • 2nd line for chronic heart failure
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Diabetic nephropathy and CKD with proteinuria
21
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Side effects

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hypotension
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Renal failure - people most at risk have renal artery stenosis and rely on constriction of the efferent arterioles to maintain glomerular filtration
    (NOTE - no angioedema and cough - so may be preferred to ACI-inhibitors)
22
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Contraindications

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Renal artery stenosis
  • AKI
  • Pregnancy !!!
23
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Interactions

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Potassium supplements
  • Potassium sparing diuretics
  • Combining with NSAID’s increases risk of renal failure
24
Q

Beta Blockers

Examples

Study These Flashcards
A

A lot end in OLOL

B1 = Heart:

  • Bisoprolol
  • Metoprolol

Middle:
- Atenolol

B1/B2 = Lungs (non-selective):

  • Propanolol
  • Nadolol
  • Carvedillol
25
Beta Blockers | MofA
- Block the B1 adrenergic receptor located mainly in the heart - reduce force of contraction and speed of conduction - Relieves cardiac ischaemia, by reducing work and oxygen demand, and increasing perfusion - Prolongs refractory period of AV node - Reduces renin secretion by kidney - B1 receptors
26
Beta Blockers | Uses
- 1st line for IHD - improves symptoms and prognosis with angina and ACS - 1st line for chronic heart failure - 1st line for SVT - for patients without circulatory compromise to restore sinus rhythm - Hypertension when not CCB's or ACE-I's
27
Beta Blockers | Side effects
- Fatigue - Cold extremities - Headache - Nausea - Sleep disturbances and nightmares
28
Beta Blockers | Contraindications
- Asthma (life-threatening bronchospasm when B2 airway receptors are blocked) - COPD (choose cardio selective beta blocker) - HF - start at low dose and up-titrate as they may initially impair cardiac function - Heart block - Reduce dose in hepatic failure
29
Beta Blockers | Interactions
- Non-dihydropyridine CCB's (diltiazem, verapamil) can cause heart failure and bradycardia
30
Calcium channel blockers | Types and examples
``` 1. Dihydropyridines - vascular selective End in PINE - Amlodipine - Nifedipine - Felodipine - Lacidopine ``` 2. Non-dihydropyridines - cardiac selective - Diltiazem - Verapamil
31
Dihydropyridine CCB's | MofA
Decrease calcium entry into vascular and cardiac cells, causing vasodilation, lowering BP
32
Dihydropyridine CCB's | Uses
- Hypertension - 2nd line | - Stable angina - 2nd line to BB
33
Dihydropyridine CCB's | Side effects
- Flushing - Ankle oedema - Headache - Palpitations
34
Dihydropyridine CCB's | Contraindications
- Unstable angina - vasodilation causes a reflex increase in contractability and tachycardia, which increases myocardial oxygen demand - Severe aortic stenosis
35
Dihydropyridine CCB's | Interactions
- Beta-blockers (negatively inotropic and chronotropic)
36
Non-dihydropyridine CCB's | MofA
In the heart. They suppress cardiac conduction by blocking Ca channels, particularly across the AV node, reducing cardiac rate and oxygen demand
37
Non-dihydropyridine CCB's | Uses
- Supraventricular arrhythmia's (incl. AF and flutter) | - Stable angina - 2nd line to BB
38
Non-dihydropyridine CCB's | Side effects
- Constipation - Bradycardia - Heart block - Heart failure - POSTURAL HYPERTENSION
39
Non-dihydropyridine CCB's | Contraindications
- Poor left ventricular function | - AV nodal conduction delay
40
Non-dihydropyridine CCB's | Interactions
- Beta-blockers (negatively inotropic and chronotropic)
41
Adenosine | MofA
Agonist of adenosine receptors on cell surfaces | Activation in the heart reduces automatically, slowing sinus rate
42
Adenosine | Uses
- 1st line for SVT (Supraventricular tachycardia) | Increases refractoriness in the AV node which breaks the re-entry circuit
43
Adenosine | Side effects
- Bradycardia | - Feels like a sinking feeling in chest/sense of impending doom - short lived as plasma half-life = 10 seconds
44
Adenosine | Contraindications
- Patients who will not tolerate transient bradycardiac effects - hypotension, IHD, HF - Asthma and COPD - bronchospasm
45
Adenosine | Interactions
- Half dose if on dipyridamole (blocks cellular uptake so prolongs effect) - Theophylline and caffeine reduce effect

2a Pharmacology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions