Cardiovascular Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
pericardium
A
fibroserous fluid filled sack surrounds the heart
2
Q
fibrous pericardium
A
outtermost layer of pericardium, lines body of heart and roots of vessels
3
Q
parietal pericardium
A
lines the fibrous sack
4
Q
visceral pericardium
A
lines the heart
5
Q
serous pericardium
A
parietal and visceral pericardium
6
Q
function of the fibrous pericardium
A
retain the heart in position, limit distension
prevents sudden overfilling
7
Q
other name for the visceral pericardium
A
epicardium
8
Q
where is the heart not associated with the epicardium?
A
posterior and irregular areas
9
Q
functions of the pericardium (4)
A
fixes the heart in place
prevents overfilling
lubrication
protection from infection
10
Q
what supplies blood to the pericardium?
A
percardiacophrenic arteries
musculophrenic arteries
branches of the thoractic aorta
11
Q
what blood supplies only the visceral layer?
A
coronary arteries
12
Q
what drains the blood for the pericardium?
A
pericardiophrenic veins
internal thoracic veins
azygos system
13
Q
where does the innervation to the fibrous and parietal layers come from
A
C3-C5
14
Q
where does the innervation for the visceral layer come from
A
the cardiac plexus
15
Q
can the visceral layer feel pain?
A
No
16
Q
pericarditis
A
inflammation of the pericardium
irritated layers rub against one another
17
Q
pericardial effusion
A
build up of fluid in the pericardial space
cardiac tamponade
18
Q
pericardiocentesis
A
aspiration of fluid from the pericardial space
treatment for cardiac tamponade
19
Q
is the aorta to the left, right or midline?
A
midline
20
Q
the heart runs from ___ to ____intercostal spaces
A
2nd intercostal to 5th intercostal
21
Q
where is the apex?
A
fifth intercostal space
22
Q
where does venous input come in?
A
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
23
Q
where does the arterial output go out?
A
aorta
pulmonary trunks/arteriers
24
Q
tricuspid valve
A
between RA and RV
25
pulmonic valve (semi lunar)
between RV and pulmonary artery
26
mitral valve
between LV and LV
27
aortic valve (semi lunar)
between LV and aorta
28
anterior interventricular groove
anterior view of heart seen separarting the RV and LV
29
atrioventricular groove
| coronary groove
anterior view of heart
| seen separating the RA and RV
30
Where does the pulmonary trunk take blood to? is it oxygenated?
deoxygenated
| lungs
31
If you were stabbed in the chest in the 4th intercostal space which ventricle would you most likely stab?
RV
32
what are the two parts of the RA
sinus venarum
| pecinate muscles
33
interartial septum
divides RA from LA
| fossa ovali found here
34
sinus venarum
smooth thin wall
VC and coronary sinus is received here
derived from embryonic sinus venosus
35
pectinate muscles
divided from sinus venarum by crista terminalis
36
formation of the interartial septum (6)
1-formation of 1st septum (septum primum)
2-formation of opening (ostium primum) before septum primum fuses
3-formation of septum secundum, and ostium secundum (foramen ovale)
4- flap valve created
5- blood bypass lungs by going from RA to LA
6- fetus lungs not inflated (bypass needed)
37
what does foramen ovale turn into after birth?
fossa ovalis
38
what is the % of people that have an atrial septal defect?
25%
39
what does an atrial septal defect cause?
oxygenated blood to be shunted from the LA to the RA and the lungs to be overloaded
RA, RV and pulm trunk enlargement
40
doorway from RA to RV
right artriventricular orifice (tricuspid valve protects)
41
trabeculae carneae
irregular muscular elevations on the internal surface of the RV and LV
42
what are the two parts of the interventricular septum?
muscular part
| membranous part that is superior and posterior
43
what is the shape of blood flow in the RV?
A U shape
44
What happens to the IV septum during systole (contraction)?
stiffens
45
what are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?
anterior cusp
posterior cusp
septal cusp
46
papillary muscles (3) of tricuspid valve
anterior
posterior
septal
47
what is special about the anterior papillary muscle?
septomarginal trabculum carries the right branch of the AV bundle to it
48
Chordae tendineae
attached to papillary muscles and when taunt close the tricuspid valve/mitral valve to prevent backflow when the RV/LV is contracting
49
Will the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve be open or closed during diastole?
open
50
What brings the oxygenated blood to the LA?
the four pulmonary veins
51
interior of the left atrium
smooth except for pectinate muscles in left auricle
52
doorway from LA to LV
left atrioventricular orifice
| mitral valve protects
53
What is special about the trabeculae carneae in the LV?
finer and more numerous than the RV
54
Which is thicker and by how much, the RV or the LV?
the LV by two times
55
aortic vestibule
smooth-walled part that leads to aorta
56
what is the change in direction for the blood flow from RA to Aorta
180 degrees
57
what are the two parts of the interventricular septum?
```
membranour part (superior)
muscular part (inferior)
```
58
VSD
ventricular septal defect
59
what percent of congenital heart defects are VSDs?
25%
60
Do VSDs normally occur in the membranous or muscular portion of the septum?
muscular (spontaneously close)
| side note: (membranous are commonly corrected surgically)
61
what are the cusps of the mitral valve?
anterior cusp
| posterior cusp
62
what are the papillary muscles of the mitral valve?
anterior
| posterior
63
Which valve is the most commonly diseased valve?
mitral valve
nodules form resulting in turbulent flow
prolapse occurs up to 7% of females
erodes endothelial surface and predispose to endocardial infxn
64
what are two potential results of mitral valve prolapse
predisposition to endocardial infxn
| enlargement of the LV
65
what do the pulmonary and aortic valves have in common
3 cup like cusps that prevent backflow into ventricles during diastoli
66
how are the semilunar valves formed (3 steps)?
1- early devel. common outflow for both ventricles has 4 cusps (R,L,A,P)
2- division into two vessels (aortic= P,R,L, pulm= A, R,L)
3- partial rotation for final arrangement
67
sinoatrial node
group of auto depolarizing specialized cardiac muscle cells create rhythm of heart (initiates cardiac muscle contraction and determines heart rate)
68
where is the SA node located
wall of the RA near opening of SVC
69
where is the AV node located?
in the interatrial septim superior to the opening of the coronary sinus
70
AV bundle
passes from the AV node and divides into the right and left bundle branches
71
what do the left and right bundle branches give rise to?
the purkinje fibers
72
sympathetic innervation
lateral horn T1-T5
| increase HR, impulse conduction, force of contraction, BF to coronary arteries
73
sym pregang cells
cervical and superior throacic paravertebral ganglia
74
sym postsyn cells
carried in thoracic splanchnic nerves
contribute to cardiac plexus
SA, AV and coronary arteries
75
parasym innervation
vagus nerve
decrease HR
decrease force of contraction
constriction of coronary arteries
76
parasym presyn cells
contribute to cardiac plexus
77
parasym postgang cells
located in cardiac walls near SA, AV, and coronary arteries
78
visceral afferent cardiac innervation
follow path of sym backwards
79
aorticopulmonary (AP) septum
septum separating the aorta and pulmonary trunk
| spiral in shape
80
is the pulmonary trunk anterior or posterior at the base of the AP septum? what about at the top?
anterior (base)
posterior (top)
81
what are the 3 malformations of the AP septum?
truncus arteriosus
transposition of great arteries (vessels)
tetralogy of fallot (OH FUCK)
82
truncus arteriosus
no septum formation (shared outflow tract)
1-2% of congenital heart defects
usually seen with a VSD
cyanosis, sign of heart failure
83
transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
no spiral in septum
RV attaches to aorta
"BLUE BABIES"
84
arterial switch procedure
remove vessels above valves, switch, reattach and attach coronary arteries to the aorta
85
tetralogy of fallot (4)
narrow of pulmonary valve
thickening of RV wall
displavement of aorta
VSD
86
pulmonary stenosis
small valve opening
87
ductus arteriosus
vascular structure that connects the main pulm artery to the aorta (IN BABES for bypass of lungs)
88
what does the ductus arteriosus turn into once the baby is born?
ligamentum arteriosum
89
What nerve runs close to the ligamentum arteriosum?
left recurrent laryngeal nerve= could present as issues with the throat/voice
90
where are the R/L coronary arteries located?
epicardium
| in atrioventricular and interventricular grooves
91
what do the coronary arteries supply blood to?
epicardium
| myocardium
92
RCA supplies
SA (60%)and AV (80-90%)nodes
RA
RV
posterior 1/3 interventricular septum
93
when would a person be called right heart dominant?
when the RCA gives off the posterior interventricular
94
what does the right marginal artery supply?
the RV
| does not reach apex
95
another name for the posterior interventricular
posterior descending
96
What supplies the AV node with blood?
posterior interventricular
97
RCA branches
sa node
right marginal
av node
posterior interventricular
98
LCA branches
```
circumflex
anterior interventricular (LAD)
```
99
what are LAD branches that go to the left?
diagonal branches
100
what are circumflex branches that go to the left?
obtuse branches (left marginal)
101
what percent of the time does the circumflex supply the AV node? SA node?
AV 10-20%
SA 40%
102
LCA supplies
```
LA
LV
portion of RV
interventricular septum anterior 2/3
av node (10-20%)
sa node (40%)
```
103
codominance
18%, both RCA and LCA give rise to branches that course in or near the post interven groove
104
right dominant no circumflex
the RCA sends a branch around the aorta and back around the heart in the same pattern at the circumflex
105
left dominant no RCA
no RCA at all and the left must compensate
106
common arterial disorders (4)
arteriosclerosis (hardening)
atherosclerosis (fatty build up)
Htn
aneurysms (buldge of vessel)
107
cardiac infarction and cerebral infarction result from what
occlusion of the blood vessel
108
atherosclerosis
slow build up of plaque causing restricted blood flow
| genetic, high cholesterol, male, old, smoking, Htn
109
CAD
coronary artery disease caused by atherosclerosis
110
thrombus
clot that forms on the inside of a vessel
| if dislodged can is a emboli
111
bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
| life threatening is called sepsis
112
myocardial infarction (MI)
occlusion of major artery in heart
tissue becomes necrotic
HEART ATTACK
113
most veins on the heart empty into
coronary sinus
114
where do the anterior cardiac veins drain to?
the RA
115
small cardiac vein runs with what artery
right marginal artery
116
what does the coronary sinus drain into?
the RA
117
when do you call the vein the coronary sinus
when the smooth muscle in the vein wall is replaced by cardiac muscle
