Cardiovascular

Question 1

What is the endocardium?

Answer 1

inner most layer lining the atria and ventricles consists of endothelium and subendothelial CT

Question 2

What is the subendocardium?

Answer 2

A layer between the endocardium and myocardium containing the purkinjie fibers and nerves

Question 3

What is the cardiac skeleton made of?

Answer 3

Dense collagenous CT myocardial fibers originate and insert into the skeleton

Question 4

What is the epicardium?

Answer 4

External surface covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) Mesotheilum is on top of fibroelastic CT with adipose nerves and coronary vessels

Question 5

What is the tunica intima?

Answer 5

Endothelium and its basal lamina. It is found in all arteries and arterioles. Has internal elastic membrane that is thick in muscular arteries and incomplete in elastic arteries

Question 6

What is tunica media?

Answer 6

Middle layer made up of circular smooth muscle tissue and fibroblasts contains collagen and elastic fibers

Question 7

What is the tunica adventitia?

Answer 7

Outermost layer lacking in arterioles. Consists of loose areolar CT with irregular fibroelastic tissue with adipocytes. Has vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum.

Question 8

What kind of artery are elastic arteries?

Answer 8

More conducting

Question 9

What kind of artery are muscular arteries?

Answer 9

More distrubuing

Question 10

What are the elastic arteries?

Answer 10

Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, Large branches off of aorta

Question 11

Characteristics of elastic arteries?

Answer 11

Stretch during systole and recoil during diastole. Tunica media has layers of elastic fibers

Question 12

Answer 12

1. artery
2. Vein
3. Nerve

Question 13

Question 14

Answer 14

1: vein
2: artery

Question 15

Answer 15

1. Internal elastic lamina
2. Tunica media with elastic fibers
3. External elastic lamina
4. Tunica adventitia

Question 16

Answer 16

1. Tunica intima
2. Top right: tunica adventita
3. External elastic membrane
4. Tunica media

Question 17

Answer 17

Purkinjie fibers

Question 18

Order capillaries from most leaky to least.

Answer 18

1. Sinusoid (discontinuous) Capillary: found in the liver has gaps in the endothelium and basal lamina
2. Fenestrated Capillary: found in the jejunum, holes all the way through endothelium but basal lamina is in tact.
   
   1. Continuous Capillary: No holes foundi n pancreas

Question 19

What is this?

Answer 19

Foam cells in tunica intima seen in an atherosclerotic aorta

Question 20

What does the respiratory mucosa consist of?

Answer 20

• Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epi. (RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM)
• Lamina propria- thin layer of areolar CT
• Submucos- dense irregular CT

Question 21

What epithelium is found in the nares?

Answer 21

Stratified squamous epithelium continuous with the epidermis. Has sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands and hair follicles

Question 22

When does the mucosa begin in the nose?

Answer 22

At the level of nasal septum, includes:

• Respiratory epi
• Basement mem
• Lamina propria

Question 23

Describe the olfactory epithelium.

Answer 23

Psuedostratified columnar without goblet cells, NO distinct basement mem., located in the roof of the nasal cavity. Contains sustentacular cells with pigment, and basal cells with pigment granules also.

Question 24

Describe the olfactory cells.

Answer 24

• Bipolar neurons- only neuron like cells that can be replaced
• Apical ends project into nasal cavity with non motile cilia
• Basal end extends as un myelinated axon into olfactory bulb
• Cilia processes in apical end contain G protein linked odor receptors

Question 25

Describe the mucosa of the Nasopharynx.

Answer 25

Respiratory epi. Lamina propria with fibroelastic CT, mucous glands, serous and mixed glands and diffuse lymphatic tissue.

Question 26

Describe Submucosa of nasopharynx.

Answer 26

Loose Ct and MALT

Question 27

What is Waldeyer's Ring?

Answer 27

Ring of lymphoid tissue around nasopharynx including tonsils and adenoids

Question 28

Describe the epiglottis.

Answer 28

* Lingual surface covered with stratified squamous epithelium and a lamina propria with loose CT and elastic fibers * Pharyngeal surface covered with PSCE and lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands * Core is made from elastic cartilage

Question 29

Describe the vestibular folds (false vocal chords)

Answer 29

* Covered with PSCE and stratified squamous * Lamina with seromucous glands *

Question 30

Describe the true vocal chords.

Answer 30

COvered with stratified squamous epithelium and lack seromucous glands in the lamina propria

Question 31

What kind of epithelium is the larynx covered with?

Answer 31

PSCE

Question 32

Describe the Trachea layers.

Answer 32

1. Mucosa: Respiratory epithelium with thick BM and a lamina propria with FECT and lymphatic tissue 2. Submucosa: Seromucous glands 3. Adventitia: Horseshoe shaped cartilage connected by FECT, mixed glands and capillaries

Question 33

Even numbers.

Answer 33

2. Lamina propria 4. duct of tracheal gland 6. Mucous acini 8. Adventitia

Question 34

Odd numbers.

Answer 34

1. PSCE with goblet cells 3. Submucosa with tracheal glands 5. Hyaline cartilage 7. Perichondrium

Question 35

What are the extra pulmonary bronchii?

Answer 35

THe primary bronchi lie outside the lung and are referred to as this

Question 36

What is the generalization about bronchi size histologically?

Answer 36

As bronchi become smaller there is a decrease in the height of the epithelium and a decrease in the cartilage and glands and an increase in the elastic and smooth muscle fibers.

Question 37

Characteristics of bronchioles?

Answer 37

* No cartilage * NO glands * few goblet cells * Large amount of smooth muscle * Terminal bronchioles switch from ciliated columnar to ciliated cuboidal

Question 38

Respiratory bronchioles characteristics?

Answer 38

Cilia only in larger respiratory bronchioles Epi is low columnar to low cuboidal

Question 39

Avleolar ducts characteristics?

Answer 39

Squamous epi

Question 40

What do type one alveolar cells do? (pneumocytes)

Answer 40

Cover a large surface area and are less numerous than type II

Question 41

What do type II pneumocytes do?

Answer 41

Secrete surfactant serve as stem cells for type one and two pneumocytes and they are very compact and numerous but cover smaller surface area. They are cuboidal or rounded.

Question 42

What are the pores of Kohn?

Answer 42

Openings between adjacent alveoli

Question 43

What cells secrete surfactant?

Answer 43

Clara cells and type two alveolar cells. Type two also phagocytize old surfactant

Question 44

Where are clara cells found?

Answer 44

* ONLY in bronchioles * Number of clara cells increases as the ciliated columnar cells decrease * Abundant SER

Question 45

Dust cells?

Answer 45

* Macrophages from monocytes * Phagocytize particles such as polluntants bactera and surfactant that are not trapped in mucous. * Relation to congestive heart failure

Question 46

What does the blood air barrier consist of?

Answer 46

1. Thin endothelium 2. Thin epithelium of pneumocyte 3. Intervening basal lamina produced by both cell types allows for gas exchange not for fluid

Question 47

label

Answer 47

1. Alveolar duct 2. Mucosal folds 3. Columnar epithelium

Question 48

Answer 48

alveolar duct

Question 49

Answer 49

Alveolar duct

Question 50

Answer 50

1. alveoli 2. pulmonary vessel 3. bronchiole

Question 51

Answer 51

1. Lumen of blood vessel 2. Alveolar Type I 3. Air space of alveoli

Question 52

Answer 52

pulmonary arteriole

Question 53

Answer 53

1. Alveolar macrophage 2. Type one alveolar 3. Type Two alveolar