Cardiovascular Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
List fn of blood (3)
A
- Transport: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones
- Regulation: temp, pH, fluid volume
- Protection: WBC, immunoglobulins, clotting proteins
2
Q
list the blood components (2main, and 3 sub)
A
1) Plasma: liquid part
2) Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes (RBC) have no nucleus or other organelles
- Leukocytes (WBC) complete cells
- Thrombocytes (aka Platelets) cell fragments
3
Q
another name for RBC
A
Erythrocytes
4
Q
another name for WBC
A
Leukocytes
5
Q
another name for Platelets
A
Thrombocytes
6
Q
def Hematocrit
A
% of RBC in a sample of blood
7
Q
Normal ranges of Hematocrit, Males vs Females
A
Male: 47%
Females: 42%
(both +/- 5%)
8
Q
what is in the buffy coat on a centrifuged sample of blood?
A
WBC and platelets, make up for <1% of sample
9
Q
in a given sample of blood, breakdown the % of each blood component
A
- erythrocytes ~45% (RBC
- WBC and platelets <1%
- Plasma ~55% (sticky)
10
Q
List the proteins found in plasma (3)
A
- Albumin: osmotic pressure
- Globulins: antibodies
- Fibrinogens: clotting
11
Q
normal blood pH?
A
pH 7.35-7.45
12
Q
what is the diameter of Erythrocytes
A
7.5um
13
Q
What is Spectrin?
A
plasma membrane protein that provides RBCs with flexibility to change shape, as they are often larger in diameter than capillaries
14
Q
normal values of RBC in males and females
A
Males: 13-18g/100mL
Females: 12-16g/100mL
15
Q
Hemoglobin consists of…
A
4 heme groups (iron based)
globin: proteins
each Hb molecule transports 4 molecules of O2
so each RBC can carry 250million Hb molecules, transports one billion of O2 molecules
16
Q
Oxyhemoglobin means
A
O2 loading in lungs
17
Q
Deoxyhemoglobin means
A
O2 offloading in tissues
18
Q
carbaminohemoglobin means
A
CO2 loading in tissues
19
Q
Hematopoiesis def
A
formation of all blood cells, takes about 15 days
in the red bone marrow
20
Q
Steps in formation of RBCs (6)
A
- Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
- Proerythroblast
- ribosome synthesis
- hemoglobin accumulation
- nucleus ejection
- -> Mature erythrocyte
21
Q
what does the reticulocyte count indicate?
A
the rate of RBC formation, used to evaluate if anemia therapy is working (ie Fe supplementation)
22
Q
Polythycemia is…
A
too many RBC
23
Q
Erythropoietin is a
A
hormone in the kidney that promotes RBC formation, if there is kidney damage, likely means person can’t produce RBCs = anemic
24
Q
Iron metabolism, general idea
A
Fe ingested->conformational change for absorption
- blood plasma binds to it->transport to liver
- binds to apoferritin, to be stored as ferritin
- otherwise used to build hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc
25
RBC lifespan
100-200 days
destroyed through Hemolysis in the spleen
lysis into Fe (heme) and Protein (globin) parts---eventually recycled
if breakdown too quick= hemolytic anemia=Jaundice
26
Types of anemia (3 main) and how it presents
- Iron deficiency: small faint cells (microcytic and hypochromic cells)
- B12/Folic acid: large cells (megaloblastic and macrocytic)
- Pernicious anemia- autoimmune, destroys the stomach mucosa can't produce intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12
- Sickle Cell: shell/needle shaped cells, cannot carry O2
Thalassemia: globin chain is faulty or missing, thin delicate RBCs
27
List the WBC types (5)
"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
28
granulocytes present in these WBC types
- basophils
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
29
which are the most numerous WBC?
Neutrophils-
| for defense during infection
30
Appearance of Neutrophils
have granules, segmented nucleus (3-5 segments), phagocytic
31
appearance of Eosinophils
Orange/red granules, bilobed nucleus "looks like someone wearing glasses"
play a role in allergies, asthma, immune response
32
appearance of Basophils
granules, bilobed nucleus
| contain histamines, similar to mast cells
33
appearance of Monocytes
no granules, large cells, bilobe nucleus (or kidneyshaped).
| Activate lymphocytes to start an immune response, important in viral, bacterial and chronic infections.
34
appearance of Lymphocytes
no granules, nucleus fills most of the cytoplasm
| crucial in immunity, esp long term immunity (T cells and B cells)
35
Hypoxia def
low blood oxygen, too few RBCs
36
RBC breakdown called...
hemolysis
37
Anemia of chronic renal impairment
caused by a lack of EPO, kidneys cannot produce enough RBCs
38
Hemolytic anemia def
when too many RBCs are destroyed, often seen with hemoglobin abnormalities thalassemia, sickle cell and spherocytosis (sphere shaped blood)
39
Leukocytes (WBC) make up ___ % of blood
<1% of total blood volume, avg of 5,000 WBC per uL of blood
| defend against disease, are able to change shape (ameboid)
40
define diapedesis
the process by which WBC leave the capillaires and go onto tissues
41
Nmenomic to remember wbc names in order of decreasing abundance in the blood...
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
```
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
```
42
this is sort of like a monocyte with extra ability
macrophage
43
what are histamines/what do they do?
nitrogenous compound in immune response, involved in inflammatory responses
44
T-cells mature in the...
| B-cells mature in the ...
T: thymus
B: bone marrow
45
what are the two chemical messengers that stimulate the WBC to mature?
interleukins (IL):
| colony-stimulating factors (CSFs):
46
general overview of leukopoiesis
hematopoietic stem cell> myeloid stem cell> myeloblast promyelocyte> eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils
hematopoietic stem cell> myeloid stem cell> monoblast> promonocyte>monocytes
hematopoietic stem cell> lymphoid stem cell> b lymphocyte precursor> B-cells
hematopoietic stem cell> lymphoid stem cell> T lymphocyte precursor> T-cells
47
Leukopenia def
abnormally low WBC count, anticancer drugs r glucocorticoids can induce it
48
Leukemias involve ___ WBC
immature WBC, often involve clones of a single abnormal cell,
- acute leukemia derives from stem cells (more common in children)
- chronic leukemia, proliferation of cells at later stage (more common in adults)
49
Pancytopenia presents as
low RBC, low platelet, low B cell
| pts have a bleeding, bruising tendency and many infections
50
Leukemia prognosis
- all types fatal, bc nonfunctional WBC flood blood stream
- fatal- internal hemorrhage or infection
- treatment: stem cell transplant, meds irradiation
51
Mono present
viral,
high number of agranulocytes
tired achy, lasts 4-6 week's
52
Platelet formation
hematopoietic stem cell> megakaryoblast > megakaryocyte> platelet
53
Hemostasis def, & stages
series of fast reactions to stop bleeding.
Step 1: vascular spasm
step 2: platelet plug formation
step 3: coagulation
54
Vascular Spasms (hemostasis step 1)
is the shortening of middle epithelium (smooth muscle) to close the 'cut'
*vasoconstriction
triggered by direct injury to endothelial cells or platelets, pain
primarily to the slow of blood flow until other mechanisms kick in
55
Platelet Plug formation (hemostasis step 2)
*quick but weak
platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers(exposed form injury) in the vessel walls.
activated platelets release ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 that both enhance platelet activation & agregation=> (positive feedback loop)
-aspirin inhibit thromboxane A2, to prevent
56
prostacyclins fn
secreted by endothelial cells normally, to inhibit platelet sticking
57
Coagulation (hemostasis step 3)
intrinsic and extrinsic pathways=>
blood turned from liquid to gel, long term as the vessel is sealed,
by clotting factors #1-13 (most important 10 & 12)
58
Prothrombin pathways (2)
intrinsic (factors are within the blood) & extrinsic (factors outside blood)
both triggered by damage to tissue, both pathways involve procoagulants that cascade to meet at factor X => factor X complexes w other factors to form prothrombin activator
59
what does prothrombin activator do?
forms the 'mesh' that ultimately is the clot
prothrombin>fribrinogen>fibrin mesh
(in 3 phases of coagulation)
60
where are clotting factors formed?
in the liver
61
Clot retraction begins within
30-60 minutes as actin and myosin in plateles contact
62
Fibrinolysis def
process of removing clots, through fibrin digesting enzymes, continues 2-several days after
otherwise clots would grow and cause problems. some form of prevention acts to keep endothelial cells from secreting prostacyclin=prevent clots
63
Hemostasis disorders list
1. Thromboembolic disorders - undesirable clot formation
2. bleeding disorders: clots don't form
3. disseminated intravascular coagulation: both types above are involved
Septicemia can cause hemostasis disorders
64
Common anticoagulant drugs
1. aspirin: inhibit thromboxane A2
2. heparin: used in pre&post-op
3. warfarin (lovenox): for people prone to atrial fibrilation, interferes w vitamin K (K helps with clot formation)
4. dabigatran: directly inhibit thrombin
65
Thrombocytopenia
deficient in circulating platelets, diagnostic # <50,000/uL
| treatment is transfusion of platelets
66
Hemophilia
genetic bleeding disorders, most common due to deficiency in factor VIII
67
Disseminated intravascular coagulation happens when
widespread bleeding or clotting occurs,
can be b/c clotting factors depleted, septicemia, incompatible blood transfusion, or in pregnancy
68
whole blood transfusions vs packed red blood cell transfusion
whole: when blood loss is substantial, volume needed
PRBCs: plasma removed, prefferred to restore oxygen-carry capacity (shelf live of 35 days)
69
Blood groups brief description
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of RBCs
- A agglutinogen
- B agglutinogen
- AB: has both A and B agglutinogens
- O: has none n, universal donor
70
Rh blood groups
determined by presence or abscence of Rhesus factors (named bc first discovered in monkeys)
(85% of americans are Rh+)
71
erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease in newborn)
when mom Rh- but baby is Rh+
Rh antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome
1st preg: healthy delivery,
but mom develops anti-Rh antibodies- 2nd preg, baby affected
72
Blood typing def
Donor blood is mixed with antibodies against common agglutinogens
If agglutinogen is present, clumping of RBCs will occur
73
CMP vs CBC vs Differential WBC
CMP: comprehensive medical panel): check for kidney / liver disorders
Differential WBC: proportions in WBC
CBC: Complete blood count, checks formed elements, hematocrit, hemoglobin
74
Hemoglobin F in fetus
has higher affinity of O2, b.c lungs don't work yet so have to get as much O2 molecules as possible
75
Pulmonary circuit is
right side of heard, pumps deoxyngenated blood to lungs
76
systemic circuit is
left side of heart, pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
77
name the semilunar valves:
pulmonary valve and the aortic valve
78
heart: location and orientation
mediastinum, 2nd rib- 5th intercostal space, apex points toward left hip
79
the 4 listening spots for stethoscope
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
tricuspid valve
mitral valve
80
you can palpate apical impulse here
between 5th and 6th ribs
81
layers of heart wall out>in
- fibrous pericardium
- parietal pericardium
- pericardial cavity
- visecal pericardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
82
Cardiac tamponade
Excess fluid that leaks into pericardial space, compressing heart’s pumping ability
needs surgical intervention to relieve pressure by taking out fluid
83
Pericarditis def
Inflammation of pericardium, causing pericardial friction can be heard with stethoscope
84
arteries vs veins vs capillaries
arteries: take blood away from heart (most of the time oxygenated)
veins: take blood to the heart (most deoxygenated)
capillaries: connect arteries to veins, no mixing
85
what are the heart auricles?
appendages that increase the atrial volume
86
heart valves are anchored by
chordae tendiane
87
these muscles project into ventricular cavities in the heart
papillary muscles
88
1st heart sound is due to
mitral and tricuspid valves closing
| if this is more intense- there might be a problem with one of these valves
89
2nd heart sound is due to
closing of pulmonary and aortic valves
| if this is more intense- there might be a problem with one of these valves
90
valvular stenosis
Stiff flaps that constrict opening
Heart needs to exert more force to pump blood
[stenotic valve]
91
heart murmurs are as a result of
defective valves
92
Pathway of blood on right side of heart
1. Superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary trunk
7. Pulmonary arteries
8. Lungs
93
Pathway of blood on left side of heart
1. Four pulmonary veins
2. Left atrium
3. Mitral valve
4. Left ventricle
5. Aortic semilunar valve
6. Aorta
7. Systemic circulation
94
this circuit is shorter and has low-pressure circulation
pulmonary circuit
95
this circuit is longer and has high-fiction circulation
systemic circuit
96
Coronary circuit def
circuit that supplies blood to heart muscle itself
shortest circuit
Delivered when the body is relaxed (diastole)
tachycardia (fast heart rate) jeapordizes blood flow to heart= damage
97
how much of the blood supply does the heart receive?
Heart receives 1/20th of body’s blood supply
98
the coronary arteries arise from the ___
base of the aorta
99
name the branches of the left coronary artery
- Anterior interventricular artery
- Circumflex artery
supplies left side and the interventricular septum
100
name the branches of the right coronary artery
- Right marginal artery
| - Posterior interventricular artery
101
Angina pectoris def
Thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium
102
myocardial infarction def
heart attack, meaning prolonged coronary blockage leading to cell death-- non-contractile scar tissue
103
describe cardiac muscle, (5 characteristics)
- striated
- branched
- short
- contain one central nucleus
- lots of mitochondria
- intercalated discs that facilitate coordination
- Gap junctions: allow ions to pass from cell to cell for electrical coupling
104
what are desmosomes?
in cardiac muscles, what hold cells together during contraction
105
which cells in cardiac muscle are able to depolarize on their own?
pacemaker cells. they are noncontractile, responsible for inintial depolarization of the entire heart (without the need of the nervous system)
106
what are tetanic contractions?
the summation of contractions as as a result of repeated stimulatoion
107
can tetanic contractions occur in the heart?
NO. cardiac muscle has long refractory periods, to allow it to fill properly, for better pump function.
108
refractory period def (muslce tissue)
the period where the muscle is incapable of carrying out another depolarization
109
the heart relies mostly on ___ respiration
aerobic. b/c all the mitochondria.
| can do fermentation but it will do other sources first (lactic acid)
110
pacemaker of the heart aka..
sinoatrial node, within the right atrial wall
111
steps in the pacemaker action potential (3)
1. depolariz - as a result if Na+ channels opening and K channels closing [membrane potential never flat]
2. pacemaker threshold starts AP (ca influx)
3. Ca channels close, K open= repolarization
112
steps in the conduction by pacemaker cells (5)
1. SA node generates impulse
2. AV node pauses the impulse (0.1 s)
3. AV bundle connects atria to ventricles
4. R & L bundle branches: conducts the impulse through the intrerventricular septum
5. Purkinje fibers depolarize the cells of both ventricles
113
What does the AV node do?
delays the electrical impulses (0.1 s) to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles
114
What dies the AV bundle do?
aka bundle of His, is what electrically connects the atria and ventricles
115
what do the R & L bundle branches do?
carry impulses toward the apex of the heart
116
what do purkinje fibers do?
complete the pathway from interventricular septum into apex and ventricular walls
117
what is the intrinsic induction system?
the system for setting the rhythm involving pacemaker cells, SA & AV nodes, AV bundle and purkinje fibers
118
arrythmias def
irregular heart rhythms from
| uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions
119
Fibrillation def
rapid, irregular contractions
| heart can't pump blood efficiently
120
what does a defibrillator do?
defibrillation interrupts chaotic twitching, essentially stops everything, giving heart “clean slate” to start regular, normal depolarizations
121
what would be the heart beat if the AV node takes over and sets the pace?
40-60 beats/min
as a result of defective SA node
122
what is extrasystole?
a premature contraction where a small region of the heart triggers an impulse before the SA node does, Heart has longer time to fill, so next contraction is felt as thud as larger volume of blood is being pushed out
Can be from excessive caffeine or nicotine
123
what happens if the AV node is defective?
can cause heart block, ventricles can't maintain adequate circulation
treatment: pacemaker, to recouple atria and ventricles
124
what region of the brain can modify the heartbeat?
the cardiac centers of the medulla oblongata in the ANs
- cardioacceleratory center
- cardioinhibitory center (signal via vagus nerve)
125
what does an ECG (EKG) do
records electrical activity of the heart
| 12 leads used to measure the difference in voltages
126
ECG features (6)
1. P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
2. QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
3. T wave: ventricular repolarization
4. P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
5. S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
6. Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
127
enlarged R waves could indicate
enlarged ventricles
128
Ischemia def
physiological diagnoses where blood is 'held' back
129
what could cause an elevated or depressed S-T segment?
cardiac ischemia
130
how much blood flows from atria to ventricles?
80% blood passively flows through open AV valves
131
what is end diastolic volume (EDV)?
volume of blood in each ventricle and the end of ventricular diastole
132
period where all heart valves are closed is called...
Isovolumetric contraction phase
133
what is the pressure in the aorta?
120 mmHg
134
what is end systolic volume (ESV)?
volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole (contraction)
135
cardiac output def
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
heart rate x stroke volume
normal: 5.25 L/min
CO (ml/min) = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 ml/beat)
= 5.25 L/min
136
stroke volume def
volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
| correlated with force of contraction
137
Max cardiac output defined as
4-5 times the resting CO (20-25 L/min) can be 35L/min in trained athletes
138
cardiac reserve def
the difference between resting and max cardiac output
139
list the 3 main factors that affect stroke volume
- Preload: degree to which heart muscles are stretched before contraction
- Contractility: contractile strength for a given muscle length
- Afterload: pressure that ventricles must overcome to eject blood
140
name the factors that can affect heart rate regulation (7)
1. ANS
2. hormones (epinephrine and thyroxin main)
3. electrolytes (hypocalcemia)
4. age (faster in fetus)
5. gender (females faster)
6. exercise
7. body temp (inc with inc temp)
141
enotropic vs chronotropic factors
enotropic: stregth
chronotropic: speed
142
Tachycardia vs Bradycardia
Tachycardia: abnormally fast (>100 beats/min)
Bradycardia: slow rate (<60beats/min)
143
Congestive heart failure (CHF def
progressive, casued by Coronary atherosclerosis
144
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) def
ventricles stretch and become flabby, and myocardium deteriorates
145
Congestive heart failure sen on which side
left sided, blood backs up in the lungs
146
Name the two fetal heart structures that bypass pulmonary circulation
-Foramen ovale: opening that connects atria
(Remnant is fossa ovalis in adult)
-Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
remnant: ligamentum arteriousum in adult
these must close after birth
147
vessel wall components (3) arteries and veins
- tunica interna [tunica intima]: simple squamous epithel, selective permeable, secretes chemicals
- tinica media: smooth muscle, strengthens vessels
- tunica externa [tunica adventitia]: loose connective tissue, anchors
148
the neuromuscular bundle is composed of
nerves, arteries and veins that run together
149
classification of arteries (3)
1. conducting (aka elastic): biggest ie aorta or common carotid
2. distributing (aka muscular) distribute blood to specific organs. ie brachial or femoral
3. Resistance (aka small): 'feeders" blood to various organs. Have a thicker tunica media
150
what are metarterioles?
short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries
151
on avg how much (%) blood is in veins ?
~60% of blood in veins
152
on avg how much (%) blood is in arteries ?
15%
153
on avg how much (%) blood is in the heart?
8%
154
aneurysm definition
a weak point on the heart wall, bulges or ballons.
| most common on aorta, renal arteries or at the base of the brain
155
Dissecting aneurysm characterized as
blood accumulation between tunics of the artery, separating then
156
Sensory structures in walls of major vessels that monitor blood pressure and chemistry
called___
arterial sense organs
| baroreceptors (monitor pressure) and chemoreceptors (monitor blood chemistry)
157
capillary fn
site for exchange of nutrients, glasses and hormones between blood and tissues
158
Types of capillaries (3)
- continuous (most common)
- fenestrated (kidneys and small intestine)
- sinusoids (liver, spleen, bone marrow)
159
what is the relative pressure in veins?
10mm Hg, relatively low
160
list some vein characteristics
larger capacity for blood, thinner walls=more flexible
| can collapse and expand easily
161
Veins with especially thin walls, large lumens, and no smooth muscle called ___
venous sinuses
162
Perfusion vs blood flow def
Perfusion: the flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min./g)
blood flow: the amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min.)
total flow at rest=cardiac output (~5.25L/min)
163
how much difference in blood pressure is needed for flow? mm Hg
~40 mm Hg
that is why normal bp is 120/75
164
defnine systolys pressure
peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
165
define diastolic pressure
minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats
166
chronic BP numbers
140/90 (for some 135/85)
167
stiffening of arteries is called
arteriosclerosis
168
causes of hypotension
- low resting BP
- blood loss or dehydration
- overmedication
- low blood volume (regulated by kidneys)
169
Peripheral resistance on vessels depends on these 3 variables
1. blood viscosity
2. vessel length
3. vessel radius
170
vasodiliation vs vaosconstriction
vasodilation: smooth muscle relaxes, allowing blood pressure to expand vessel
vasoconstriction: smooth muscle contracts
171
list a few things that can raise BP:
thryroid disease
pregnancy
exercise
anxiety
172
Local control of BP is when
blood flow causes other things leading to autoregulation. ie substances get secreted and stimulate vasodialation or constriction
173
Neural control of BP is
sympathetic signals from the vasomotor center in the medulla= affect dialation of constriction
174
what is the Baroreflex?
the automatic negative feedback loop that lowers BP.
| short term
175
general overview of baroreceptors acting to lower BP
1. elevated BP> arteries streched> Baroreceptors increase firing> inc vagal tone> reduce HR=reduce BP
2. elevated BP> arteries streched> Baroreceptors increase firing>reduced vasomotor tone>vasodilation=reduced BP
176
what is the primary role of neural control of BP?
adjust respiration to changes in blood chemistry.
| and stimulate breathing)
177
___ is the automatic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain
Medullary ischemic reflex
| inc contraction force, vasoconstriction, = raise BP
178
Hormone control of BP is
hormones influencing BP by vasoactive effects or by water maintenance
179
Angiotensin II is a
powerful vasoconstrictor
| raises BP, promotes water retention
180
Atrial natriuretic peptide does what
increase sodium retention, lowers BP
181
what do ACE inhibitors do?
prevent the production of angiotensin II, leading to relaxation of veins and arteries=lower BP
182
what hormone promotes water retention and raises BP?
ADH
183
mechanisms for capillary exchange(4)
- diffusion: more from higher to lower [ ]
- trancytosis: use of transport vesicles
- filtration
- reabsorption
184
def of Edema
is the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue. too much=tissue necrosis
causes: increased capillary filtration, reduced capillary absoption, kidney failure, old age, etc.
Radical Mastectomy, bc drainage system does not function normally anymore- ladies will have fluid buildup in their arm
185
Def pulmonary edema
fluid in the lungs. can be associated with heart attack or severe allergies
186
cerebral edema is characterized by
headaches, nausea, seizures, even coma.
187
what is the thoracic pump? to help move blood
inhalation, that causes the thoracic cavity to expand, dec thoracic pressure, inc abdominal pressure= blood moves upward
188
what is the skeletal muscle pump?
Contracting muscle squeeze the blood out vein and upward
189
define Shock
the state of inadequate tissue perfusion (blood flow)
190
cardiogenic vs circulatory shock
cardiogenic: inadequate heart pumping
circulatory: cardiac output insufficient for needs
191
def hypovolemic shock
loss of volume in blood. Most common.
causes often include: dehydration, burns, obstructions.
192
causes of neurogenic shock
loss vasomotor tone, brainstem injury
193
brain blood flow is typically at
700 mL/min, tends to fluctuate the least, result of chemical stimulus, raise or lower pH to stimulate vasoconstriction/dilation
194
CVA vs TIA
CVA cerebral vascular accident: sudden death of brain tissue
TIA: brief ep of cerebral ischemia
often due to hemorrhage, clot
195
where does gas exchange happen in pulmonary circuit?
in the basket-like capillary beds that surround the alveoli
| by diffusion
196
parts of the aorta (5))
- ascending aorta
- brachiocephalic artery
- common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
- descending aorta
197
the common carotid divides into the...
internal carotid and external carotid (external supplies external head structures)
198
cerebral circulation overview:
circle of willis: receives blood from basilar and internal carotid- supplies cerebrum
vertebral arteries combine and form basilar artery (on pons)
199
this vein receives most of the blood from the brain
internal jugular
200
Thoracic arteries
- Bronchial, esophageal, and mediastinal branches
- posterior intercostal
- phrenic arteries
Internal thoracic, anterior intercostal, and pericardiophrenic arise from subclavian artery
201
abdominopelvic arteries (11)
- inferior phrenic
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric
- suprarenal
- renal
- lumbar
- gonadal
- inferior mesenteric
- common iliac
- internal iliac
- median sacral
202
portal hypertension (def)
obstruction in the hepatic circulation, causing blood pressure to back up
often from parasites, resulting in inflammation, liver and spleen enlarge
203
Ascites def
distension of abdomen. indicative of liver and renal failure
204
major arteries of upper limb
- left subclavian
- left axillary
- left brachial
- ulnar
- radial
205
veins of the upper limb
-jugular
-brachiocephalic
-subclavian
-axillary
-cephalic
-basilic
-brachial
-medial cubital
radial
-ulnar
206
major arteries of the lower limb
-femoral
-anterior tibial
-posterior tibial
-deep artery of the thigh
-popliteal
-dorsal artery
-arcuate
-dorsal digital
-dorsal metatarsal
-lateral tarsal
-malleolar
ventral lateral & medial plantar
ventral plantar arch
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pelvic organs by
- common iliac
- external iliac
- internal iliac
- femoral
- deep thigh vein
- great saphenous
