Cardiovascular Flashcards
(124 cards)
What is stable angina?
predictable, relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerine
What is unstable angina?
previously stable and predictable symptoms of angina that are more frequent, increasing or present at rest
What is prinzmetal variant angina?
coronary artery vasospasms causing transient ST-segment elevations, not associated with clot
What are premature beats?
- PVC: early wide bizarre QRS, no p wave seen
- PAC: abnormally shaped P wave
- PJC: narrow QRS complex, no p wave or inverted p wave
What is paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia?
narrow, complex tachycardia, no discernible P waves
What is a-fib?
irregularly irregular rhythm with disorganized and irregular atrial activations and an absence of P wavws
What is a-flutter?
regular, sawtooth pattern, and narrow QRS complex
What is sick sinus syndrome?
- Brady-tachy: arrhythmia in which bradycardia alternates with tachycardia
- Sinus arrest: prolonged absence of sinus node activity (absent P waves) > 3 seconds
What is sinus arrhythmia?
normal, minimal variations in SA node’s pacing rate in association with the phases of respiration
-heart rate frequently increases with inspiration, decreased with expiration
What is premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?
early wide “bizarre” QRS, no p wave seen
What is ventricular tachycardia?
three or more consecutive VPBs, displaying a broad QRS complex tachyarrhythmia
What is ventricular fibrillation?
erratic rhythm with no discernable waves (P, QRS, or T waves)
What is torsades de pointes?
polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that appears to be twisting around a baseline
What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
MC type; an index event or process (MI) damages myocardium, wakening heart muscle a decreased ventricular contraction strength + dilation left ventricle; systolic heart failure
What are the characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy?
- reduced contraction strength; large heart; caused by ischemia (CAD, MI, arrhythmia)
- PE: dyspnea, S3 gallop, rales, JVD
- Tx: no alcohol!!!; ACE-I, diuretic
What is hypertrophic obstructive (HOCM)?
hypertrophic portion of septum; LV outflow tract narrowed - worse with
-diastolic heart failure
-young athletes with positive family history sudden death of syncopal episode; inherited; SCREEN FAMILY
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What is the PE of HOCM?
sustained PMI, bifid pulse, S4 gallop; high pitched mid-systolic murmur at LLSB increased with Valsalva and standing (less blood in the chamber); decreased with squatting
What is the tx of HOCM?
refrain from physical activity; BB or CCB; surgical or alcohol ablation of hypertrophied septum and defibrillator insertion
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
right heart failure; a history of infiltrative process; diastolic heart failure; still heart muscle
amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, scleroderma, fibrosis, cancer
What is the PE of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
pulmonary HTN; normal EF, normal heart size, large atria, normal LV wall, early diastolic filling
What is the tx of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
non-specific; diuretics, ACE-I, CCB
What are the MC cause of congestive heart failure?
CAD, HTN, MI, DM - LV remodeling = dilation, thinning, mitral valve incompetence, RV remodeling
What are the sx and signs of congestive heart failure?
sx: exertional dyspnea = rest, chronic nonproductive cough, fatigue, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea, nocturia
signs: Cheyne-stokes breathing, edema, rales, S4 (diastolic HF, preserved EF); S3 (systolic; reduced EF); JVC >8 cm, cyanosis, hepatomegaly, jaundice
What is the NY heart failure classification?
- Class 1: no limitation of physical activity
- Class 2: slight limitation physical activity; comfortable at rest
- Class 3: marked physical limitation; comfortable at rest
- Class 4: can’t carry on physical activity; anginal syndrome at rest