Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

What is the equation for Cardiac Output?

Answer 1

SV x HR = Q

Question 2

At submaximal levels HR will … when a steady state is reached and O2 demand is met.

Answer 2

Plateau

Question 3

What is Bradycardia?

Answer 3

Having a heart rate of <60bpm

Question 4

What is the resting stroke volume for a trained heart?

Answer 4

90-110ml

Question 5

‘Relaxation of the atria and ventricles’, is the definition of what?

Answer 5

Diastole

Question 6

What is the average resting stroke volume?

Answer 6

72ml

Question 7

Explain what happens to your heart rate after exercise

Answer 7

• There is an initial rapid drop due to less O2 demand
• Gradual decrease to repay oxygen debt

Question 8

Define Stroke Volume

Answer 8

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction of the heart.

Question 9

What is the average resting heart rate?

Answer 9

72bpm

Question 10

… is the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

Answer 10

Venous return

Question 11

‘The contraction of the heart, pushing blood out and into the large blood vessels of the cardiovascular system?’, is the definition of what?

Answer 11

Systole

Question 12

Define Starling’s Law

Answer 12

A decrease in Venous Return = A decrease in stroke volume, which = a decrease in Q
AND
An increase in Venous Return = An increase in stroke volume, which = an increase in Q

Question 13

What is the resting stroke volume for an untrained heart?

Answer 13

60-90ml

Question 14

What is an ejection fraction?

Answer 14

An ejection fraction of X% means that there is X% of blood remaining in the heart after a contraction.

Question 15

What happens to heart rate during steady state exercise?

Answer 15

It Plateaus

Question 16

Describe the changes in heart rate experienced after exercising.

Answer 16

Initial steep drop due to less oxygen demand
Followed by a gradual decrease to repay the oxygen debt.

Question 17

What does a motor unit consist of?

Answer 17

A motor neuron and muscle fibers

Question 18

Put the following in order:
AV Node,Purkinje fibers, SA Node, Bundle of HIS

Answer 18

SA,AV,Bundle Of HIS, Purkinje Fibers

Question 19

What sends a wave of polarisation to the AV node?

Answer 19

SA node

Question 20

What are the 5 mechanisms assisting venous return?

Answer 20

Gravity, Pocket Valves, Smooth Muscle, Respiratory Pump, Skeletal Muscle pump

Question 21

At rest, how much blood is distributed to the muscles?

Answer 21

15-20%

Question 22

What do chemoreceptors control?

Answer 22

Blood chemistry (PH levels, CO2, Lactic acid)

Question 24

During exercise, how much blood is distributed to the muscles?

Answer 24

80%

Question 25

What does VCC stand for and where is it located?

Answer 25

Vasomotor Control Centre Medulla Oblongata

Question 26

What are the breathing rates of a trained and untrained athlete?

Answer 26

Trained: 11/12 Untrained: 12-15

Question 27

What do baroreceptors control?

Answer 27

Blood Pressure, Temperature

Question 28

What do proprioceptors control?

Answer 28

Detect movements in joints and muscles, leading to an increased O2 demand.

Question 29

During Exercise, working muscles undergo vaso...

Answer 29

dilation

Question 30

During rest, other organs undergo vaso...

Answer 30

dilation

Question 31

What circular muscles constrict to cause the vascular shunt mechanism?

Answer 31

pre-capillary sphincters

Question 32

What does the following describe: Veins run through skeletal muscles, when muscles contract, more blood is pumped through the veins and venous return is increased.

Answer 32

A skeletal Muscle Pump

Question 33

Explain the function of the respiratory Pump

Answer 33

Respiratory Muscles contract, this increases pressure and squeeze blood back to the heart.

Question 34

How does gravity impact venous return?

Answer 34

Blood from superior vena cava (upper body), will fall back to heart with support of gravity. Same process applied to lower body if body inverted

Question 35

What mechanism helps venous return by pulsing and hence increasing blood pressure?

Answer 35

Smooth Muscle

Question 36

Two ways oxygen can be transported

Answer 36

Through Haemoglobin Through Plasma

Question 36

3 ways CO2 can be transported

Answer 36

Plasma Water Haemoglobin

Question 37

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 37

The movement of gases across a membrane

Question 38

The pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases is referred to as...

Answer 38

Partial pressure

Question 39

Gases always move from... areas of PP to ... areas of PP

Answer 39

High to Low

Question 40

Where is PP02 high and low?

Answer 40

High in Alveoli Low in Muscles

Question 41

Where is PPCO2 high and low?

Answer 41

Low in Alveoli High in Muscles

Question 42

Explain how the diffusion gradient changes in exercise?

Answer 42

More CO2 in muscles Less 02 IN muscles Concentration Gradient increases

Question 43

What is the BOHR effect?

Answer 43

Shift of Dissociation curve to the right.

Question 44

What is dissociation?

Answer 44

The detachment of Hb from O2 when oxygen is provided to muscle tissues