Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Flashcards
BIOL-2420 (22 cards)
Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Septicemia: bacteremia or toxemia
endocarditis
brucellosis
tularemia
plague
lyme disease
erlichiosis/anaplasmosis
Septicemia
infection of the blood;
bacteremia or toxemia
possible causative agents:(opportunistic):
S. aureus
S. pneumoniae
S. pyogenes
(nosocomial (originating in a hospital)):
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
one in three patients who die in a hospital have sepsis
Sepsis
overreaction of the body’s immune system to an infection, leading to organ damage/death
Symptoms of septicemia
fever
nausea
malaise
if bacterial: petechiae (tiny, pinpoint-sized red or purple spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding of capillaries)
osteomyelitis (bone infection; inflammation, pain, bone damage (if not treated promptly))
if toxin: depends on the toxin
if progressing into septic shock, low B.P.
Epidemiology and Treatment of Septicemia
portal of entry:
direct inoculation: contaminated/nonsterile needle; infection in the body
nosocomial: kidney dialysis machines; surgical wounds
Dx: blood culture
treatment: antimicrobials;
clean-up and elimination of initial site
Gram-positive Sepsis
nosocomial infections:
Group B Streptococcus, S. agalactiae, Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis
Group B Strep Disease (S. agalactiae)
can be congenital (present at birth; infection direct from mother);
have early-onset sepsis (birth to 1 week; infection from birth canal);
late-onset sepsis (onset beyond one week; maternal or external source of infection)
Gram-Negative Sepsis
endotoxin shock;
exposure to lipid A of a G-
-activates many immune response pathways
-leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation
-endotoxins cause B.P. to decrease
-antibiotics can worsen the condition by killing bacteria
-possible treatment: human activated protein C, an anticoagulant
Puerperal Sepsis
childbirth fever - starts as endomyetritis
-mostly due to S. pyogenes
-transmitted to mother during childbirth by attending physicians and midwives
-confirmed by urine or blood culture
14% of maternal deaths are due to septicemia
symptoms:
headache (feeling generally unwell)
sore throat
raised temperature
fast pulse
fast breathing
offensive vaginal discharge
rash
vomiting and/or diarrhea
abdominal/leg pains
Bacterial Endocartidis
inflammation of the inner layer of the heart (characterized by the prototypic lesion, the vegetation)
symptoms:
fever
Roth’s spots: white-centered retinal hemorrhages, AKA Litten spots & Litten sign)
Oster’s nodes: painful, red, raised lesions typically found on the tips of fingers & toes)
murmur
Janeway lesions (small, flat, painless, dark red or purple spots that appear on palms or soles of feet)
anemia
nail hemorrhage
emboli
causative agents:Viridans group streptococci
Stapylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
from pathogens: Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Dx: blood culture and EKG
Plague
causative agent: Yersinia pestis
transmission: flea bites
-vector: Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)
contact w/ contaminated fluid or tissue
infectious droplets
symptoms of bubonic plague:
systemic: fever
central: headache, malaise
lymph nodes: swelling (buboes), pus exudation, bleeding
gastric: nausea, vomiting
joints: pain, ache
respiratory: rapidly developing pneumonia w/ shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and sometimes bloody or watery mucus;
pneumonia may cause respiratory failure and shock
Plague Epidemiology
Dx:
serology
culture from: sputum, blood, bronchial/tracheal washing
treatment:
Tetracycline
Streptomycin
Chloramphenicol
Lyme Disease
reservoir: deer
vector: ticks
causative agent: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete, gram-negative)
symptoms:
early-localized stage (3-30 days after bite):
red, expanding rash called Erythema migrans (EM)
fatigue, chills, fever, headaches, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes
early disseminated stage (days to weeks post-tick bite):
additional EM lesions in other areas of the body;
facial or Bell’s palsy (loss of muscle tone on one or both sides of the face)
severe headaches and neck stiffness due meningitis
pain and swelling in the large joints (such as knees)
shooting pain that may interfere with sleep
heart palpitations and dizziness due to changes in heartbeat
late disseminated stage (months-to-years post-tick bite):
intermittent bouts of arthritis w/ severe joint pain and swelling
lingering symptoms after treatment (Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome):
muscle and joint pains; cognitive defects; sleep disturbance; fatigue
Lyme Disease Treatment
approximately 10-20% of patients following appropriate antibiotic treatment, may have persistent oe recurring symptoms and are considered to have Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDT)
Dx: serology
Treatment:
Doxycycline
Penicillin
Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)
CMV
Yellow fever
Dengue fever and DHF
African Hemorrhagic fever
Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)
Epstein-Barr virus
symptoms:
fever
sore throat
swollen lymph glands
lack of energy
sometimes, swollen spleen or liver involvement may develop
heart problems or involvement of central nervous system occurs only rarely
treatment: no specific treatment
Mononucleosis Epidemiology
childhood infections are asymptomatic
transmitted via saliva
characterized by proliferation of monocytes
symptoms are usually not felt until 4-7 weeks after exposure to EBM
EBV also establishes a lifelong dormant infection in some cells of the body’s immune system
a late event in a very few carriers of this virus is the emergency of Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (two rare cancers that are not normally found in the U.S.)
Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Chagas
Schistosomiasis
Malaria
zoonosis: bite from infected mosquito
causative agent: Protozoa Plasmodium sp.
Dx: PCR and RBC examination
treatment:
Chloroquine
Artemisinins: artesunate and artemether
symptoms:
central: headache
systemic: fever
muscular: fatigue, pain
back: pain
skin: chills, sweating
respiratory: dry mouth
spleen: enlargement
stomach: nausea, vomiting
Malarial Prevention and Control
prophylaxis:
Chloroquine
Malarone: atovaquone and proguanil
Mefloquine
control: bed nests
Toxoplasmosis
causative agent: Toxoplasma gondii
primary host: cat
symptoms:
acute: swollen lymph nodes, muscles aches and pains that last for a month or more
latent: only bradozoites are present, forming cysts in nervous and muscle tissue
Dx: serology
PCR of amniotic fluid
treatment: only recommended for people w/ serious health problems , such as HIV w/ CD4 count under 200
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
zoonosis: parasites live in certain types of freshwater snails
causative agent: Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicium
symptoms: rash or itchy skin
within 1-2 months of infection, symptoms may develop including fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
Dx: examination of stool or urine
serology
treatment: Praziquantel (1-2 days)
