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BIOL-2420 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

BIOL-2420 (55 cards)

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1
Q

Principal Mechanisms of Innate Immunity

A

epithelial cells: barrier
phagocytes
complement system (frontline defense; cascade of proteins that work together to enhance the ability of phagocytes and antibodies)
NK cells

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2
Q

Principle Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity

A

B lymphocytes -> antibodies
T lymphocytes -> effector T cells

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3
Q

First Line of Defense Against a Pathogen

A

skin and mucous membranes
movement of bodily fluid
secretions
normal flora
antimicrobial peptides and chemicals

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4
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

non-specific processes that kill the pathogen before it begins multiplying:
1) complement system
2) phagocytes
3) NK
4) fever
5) interferon (activated protein that serves as a cytokine)
6) inflammation

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5
Q

Blood Components of Specific Immunity

A

B cells (producing antibodies; part of humoral immune response; adaptive)
T lymphocytes (cells of acquired immune system; major types of lymphocytes; derived from from hematopoietic cells (get activated)

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6
Q

Production of B Cells

A

Bone marrow -> bone marrow stromal cells -> B-cells

Release of immature lymphocytes; differentiation and maturation in separate sites; addition of cell receptors; migration to specific compartments of lymphoid organs and circulatory system

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7
Q

Production of T cells

A

Bone marrow -> thymus

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8
Q

Antibodies

A

formed by B cells to bind to antigen, neutralizing it and marking for elimination/destruction by white blood cells (phagocytes)

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9
Q

T cells

A

cell-mediated immune response;
T progenitors migrate from the bone marrow into thymus (where they are called thymocytes) where they develop into T cells

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10
Q

Lymphocyte Pool

A

in humans, 1-2% of lymphocyte pool recirculate hour to optimize opportunities for antigen-specific lymphocytes to find antigen in secondary lymphoid tissues

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11
Q

In an adult, the peripheral lymphoid organs contain B cells and T cells in at least three different stages of differentiation

A

1) naive cells
2) effector cells
3) memory cells

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12
Q

Naive Cells

A

Not matures; have left bone marrow or thymus; have yet to encounter their cognate antigen

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13
Q

Effector Cells

A

have been activated and are actively involved in eliminating pathogen

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14
Q

Memory Cells

A

Long-lived survivors of past infections

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15
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8)

A

directly destroy infected host cells (cell-mediated);
MHC-1

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16
Q

Helper T Cells (CD4)

A

stimulate the rapid division of activated B cells and cytotoxic T cells by producing interleukins; cell-mediated

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17
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

pathogen enters body-> dendritic cells phagocytose and present antigen on cell surface after processing pathogen;
the dendritic cell produces and sends interleukin signals

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18
Q

Antigens

A

molecules with 3-D regions (epitopes);
include various bacterial substances along with proteins of viruses, fungi, and protozoa;
food and dust may also contain antigenic particles

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19
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

cells that display foreign antigen along with a Major Histocompatibility Complex on their surfaces;
T cells may recognize these cells using their T cell receptors ( T cells produce and send interleukins to activated B cells and cytotoxic T cells);
examples: B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

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20
Q

Exogenous Antigens

A

antigen presentation activates T cells into T helper cells or cytotoxic T cells;
dendritic cells engulf pathogen and move using their chemotactic signals to lymph nodes to find other immune cells; cannot engulf other pathogens and can communicate with T cells

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21
Q

Endogenous Antigens

A

produces by intracellular bacteria and viruses replicating within a host cell;
enzymes digest viral proteins and display their parts on the surface of cell to T cells by coupling them with the MHC Class I

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22
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex

A

body cells have proteins on outside called MHC proteins;
proteins mark cells as “self” (not foreign): Class I = non-immune nucleated cells
Class II = macrophage, dendritic, B cells (APCs)

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23
Q

Cytokines

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A

chemical messengers; soluble proteins;
overproduction leads to cytokine storm;
often secreted by immune cells that have encountered a pathogen;

interleukins;
interferons;
Growth Factors;
Tumor necrosis factor;
chemokines

24
Q

Interleukins

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A

signals among leukocytes

25
Interferons
antiviral proteins that may serve as cytokines; act as first line of defense
26
Growth Factors
proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide
27
Tumor Necrosis Factor
signal secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
28
Chemokines
chemotactic; signal leukocytes to move
29
Humoral Immunity
Antibodies produced by B cells bind to pathogens, resulting in destruction of it; crucial for extracellular pathogens;
30
B Cells
circulate in blood plasma and lymph w/ antibodies; are also in spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT
31
Antibodies
identify, neutralize and mark for elimination the foreign bodies' five types of immunoglobulin (Ig): IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM; immobilized B Cell Receptors; each lymphocyte has multiple copies of BCR; each cell generates only one BCR
32
Humoral Immunity: Antigen-Specific Antibody Production
multi-step process; cells involved: dendritic cells -> Th cells -> B cells (once ativated, divide into plasma cells (secrete antibodies) or memory cells (stored for second exposure to antigen); once a B cell encounters its antigen, it differentiates into an effector cell, known as plasma cell
33
Plasma Cells
short-lived (2-3 days); secrete antibodies; antibodies bind to antigens, making them easier targets for phagocytes, and trigger the complement cascade; about 10% of plasma cells become memory cells
34
Antigen Binding Site
"variable" region (Fab); the rest is "constant" region (Fc)
35
Functions of Antibody (NIAAO)
1) neutralization: binds to antigen preventing from binding their target 2) immobilization 3) agglutination 4) activation of complement system 5) opsonization
36
Agglutination
antibody combines with two epitopes on two different cells
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IgM (Antibody Mu)
largest; accounts 5-10%; blood, lymph, and on surface of B cells; first antibodies to be produced in the first few days when encountering a new infection; agglutinate microbes; half life = 5 days
38
IgG (Antibody Gamma)
smallest; blood, cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid; makes up 80%; crosses placenta; half-life = 23 days; five monomers joined by a chain
39
IgA (Antibody Alpha)
10 to 15%; body secretions; protection against respiratory, urinary tract and bowel infections; mucosal protection; colostrum and breast milk; can be transferred along gut mucosa; half-life = 6 days; important in preventing abrorption of potential antigens in the food we eat; serum IgA antibodies: monomers; secretory IgA: dimers
40
IgD (Antibody Delta)
cell membrane antibody; surface of B lymphocytes; less than 1%; tissues that line belly and chest; 0.2% of serum antibodies; in blood, lymph and B-cells; may delete B-cells that produce antibodies against self; on B cells, half life = 3 days
41
IgE (Antibody Epsilon)
0.002%; mediators of allergic reactions; responsible for immunity to parasites: allergic reactions and lysis of worms; on mast cells, basophils, and in blood; half-life = 2 days
42
Cell-Mediated Immunity
players do not involve antibodies; involve activation of phagocytes, NK cells, release of cytokines, and cytotoxic (CD8) cells; pathogen invaded host cell; cancer cells and rejected transplanted tissue
43
Allergic Reaction
Antigen binds to IgE (on basophils and mast cells); mast cells are granulated; the granules contain histamine); histamine caused blood vessels to dilate and become leaky, promoting edema, secreting large amounts of mucus and causing smooth muscles to contract
44
Immunizations
vaccine contains small amount of antigen; antigen triggers antibody production in the body; first injection: elicits a primary immune response; second injection (booster): elicits a secondary immune response (bigger & more memory cells)
45
Types of Active Vaccines
attenuated; inactivated (killed); polysaccharide vaccines; conjugated vaccines; toxoids; genetically engineered
46
Attenuated Vaccinations
live, weakened (in lab) viruses or bacteria; examples: MMR vaccine: Mumps, Measles, Rubella; Varivax vaccine: Varicella Zoster Virus; Flumist vaccine: inluenza virus; Oral Sabin Polio vaccine: polio virus
47
Attenuation
process of reducing virulence
48
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccine
by heat or chemical agents (formalin, phenol or acetone); examples: Pertussis portion of DTP series (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis); Fluzone (injected): influenza virus
49
Polysaccharide Vaccines
contain purified antigenic polysaccharides from bacterial capsules; examples: usually administered to adults Pneumovax vaccine: pneumococcal disease (Streptococcus pneumoniae); Menomune vaccine: Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis)
50
Conjugated Vaccines
polysaccharides are combined w/ proteins (more immunogenic especially to child immune system); examples: Hib vaccine: Haemophilus Influenzae type B bacteria that cause meningitis
51
Toxoids
for diseases caused by exotoxins; produce antitoxins (antibodies); require boosters; examples: Tetanus vaccine: Clostridium tetani bacteria that causes tetani;; Diphtheria vaccine: Corynebacterium diphtheria bacteria cause diphtheria; toxins have been modified to render harmless
52
Genetically Engineered Vaccines
use of bacteria to produce proteins found in viral capsids and the bacterial envelopes; examples: Hepatitis B vaccine: Hepatitis B virus causes Hepatitis B vaccine; Gardasil vaccine: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes warts and cervical cancer
53
Common Vaccine Adjuvant
Aluminum Hydroxide
54
Passive Immunization
uses: immunosuppressed patients to prevent infection; traveling to high-risk area and don't have time for active vaccines to take effect; already exposed to pathogen/have disease advantages: protection is immediate disadvantages: protection only lasts as long as Ab molecules survive in recipient (months if from a human, weeks if from animal); examples: Respigam or Synagis: Varicella Zoster, tetanus, mumps, measles, hepatitis A&B, rabies, pertussis, RSV usually short-term can trigger allergic reactions (serum sickness) degraded relatively quickly
55

BIOL-2420 (11 decks)

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