CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT

Question 1

the part of the ventral surface of the body overlying the heart and stomach and comprising the epigastrium and the lower median part of the thorax

Answer 1

Precordium

Question 2

2nd ICS to right of sternum (closure of the aortic valve loudest here).

Answer 2

Aortic area

Question 3

2nd ICS to left of sternum (closure of the pulmonic valve loudest here).

Answer 3

Pulmonic area

Question 4

5th ICS left of sternal border (closure of tricuspid valve).

Answer 4

Tricuspid

Question 5

5th ICS left of the sternum just medial to MCL (closure of mitral valve).

Answer 5

Mitral

Question 6

When ______ is increased as in anemia, anxiety, HTN, fever, the impulse may have greater force - inspect for lift or heave.

Answer 6

cardiac output

Question 7

Events in the cardiac cycle generate sounds that can be heard through a _______ over the ______. These include normal heart sounds and, occasionally, extra heart sounds and murmurs.

Answer 7

stethoscope over the chest wall

Question 8

The first heart sound

Answer 8

systolic S1

Question 9

Consists of mitral M1 and tricuspid T1 components.

Answer 9

Systolic (S1)

Question 10

Systolic (S1), the first heart sound, is
is loudest at the _____

Answer 10

apex

Question 11

The second heart sound, diastolic S2,
signals the closure of _______ and the end of systole.

Answer 11

semilunar valves

Question 12

Consists of aortic Az and pulmonic P2 components.

Answer 12

diastolic S2

Question 13

The second heart sound - diastolic S2, is loudest at the _____.

Answer 13

base

Question 14

S1 & Se correspond respectively to the familiar “_____” often used to describe the sounds.

Answer 14

“lub dub”

Question 15

is the result of vibrations produced during ventricular filling.

Answer 15

S3

Question 16

is normally heard only in some children and young adults, but it is considered abnormal in older individuals.

Answer 16

S3

Question 17

is caused by the recoil of vibrations between the atria and ventricles following atrial contraction, at the end of diastole.

Answer 17

S4

Question 18

is rarely heard as a normal heart sound; usually it is considered indicative of further cardiac evaluation

Answer 18

S4

Question 19

______ of blood per min throughout the body

Answer 19

4 to 6 Liters

Question 20

venous return

Answer 20

Preload

Question 21

the opposing pressure the ventricles must generate to open aortic valve.

Answer 21

Afterload

Question 22

Transition from fetal circulation to postnatal circulation. By 9 months anatomical closure of ________ occurs.

Answer 22

foramen ovale

Question 23

S1 and Sa sounds similarly on auscultation. Pulse rate is _____

Answer 23

120/min.

Question 24

For infants, Horizontal position of the heart is only until_____ years-old

Answer 24

7 years old

Question 25

By the end of pregnancy blood volume increases by _____ %.

Answer 25

30 to 40 %

Question 26

Stroke volume and cardiac output are ______ in pregnant females. BP decreases due to vasodilation.

Answer 26

increased

Question 27

Pulse rate increases of _____ beats/min in pregnant females.

Answer 27

10 to 15 beats/min

Question 28

Is the need to assume a more upright position to breathe.

Answer 28

Orthopnea

Question 29

occurs with myocardial infarction or low cardiac output.

Answer 29

Cyanosis or pallor

Question 30

Swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid.

Answer 30

Edema

Question 31

Occurs with heart failure in the person who is ambulatory during the day.

Answer 31

Nocturia

Question 32

the pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole.

Answer 32

apical impulse

Question 33

Is used to estimate approximately heart borders and configuration.

Answer 33

percussion

Question 34

Recently is displaced by the chest x-ray or EchoCG and Helps to detect heart enlargement

Answer 34

percussion

Question 35

The diseases and conditions affecting the heart are collectively known as _____

Answer 35

heart disease.

Question 36

These are diseases of the arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood. It is one of the most common forms of heart disease and the leading cause of heart attacks.

Answer 36

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 37

It generally means that blood flow through the coronary arteries has become obstructed. It can lead to other heart problems, such as chest pain (angina) and heart attack (myocardial infarction).

Answer 37

Coronary artery disease

Question 38

In Coronary artery disease (CAD), the most common cause of such obstructions is a condition called ______, a largely preventable type of vascular disease.

Answer 38

atherosclerosis

Question 39

a disease of the heart itself caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium

Answer 39

Coronary heart disease

Question 40

another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organ.

Answer 40

Ischaemic heart disease

Question 41

a sub-umbrella term for a number of diseases that that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Causes of this disease include diabetes mellitas, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.

Answer 41

Cardiovascular disease

Question 42

a failure of the right side of the heart.

Answer 42

Pulmonary heart disease

Question 43

heart disease caused by inavoidable genetic factors

Answer 43

Hereditary heart disease

Question 44

heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure

Answer 44

Hypertensive heart disease

Question 45

heart disease that involves inflamation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.

Answer 45

Inflammatory heart disease

Question 46

heart disease that affects the valves of the heart.

Answer 46

Valvular heart disease

Question 47

These are diseases of the sac that encases the heart (pericardium). These can occur alone or together. The causes of this disease vary, as do the problems they may lead to. For instance, pericarditis(inflammation) can occur after a heart attack and, as a result, lead to pericardial effusion or chest pain

Answer 47

Pericardial disease,

Question 48

fluid accumulation

Answer 48

pericardial effusion

Question 49

stiffness

Answer 49

constrictive pericarditis

Question 50

These are forms of heart disease that develop before birth. Congenital heart disease is a broad term and includes a wide range of diseases and conditions. These diseases can affect the formation of the heart muscle or its chambers or valves. They include such conditions as narrowing of a section of the aorta (coarctation) or holes in the heart (atrial or ventricular septal defect).

Answer 50

Congenital heart disease

Question 51

These blood vessels carry blood away from the heart and out to the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients. The aorta is the largest blood vessel of all.

Answer 51

Arteries

Question 52

These blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Lacking oxygen, they have a bluish cast on the skin

Answer 52

Veins

Question 53

These tiny vessels connect arteries and veins.

Answer 53

Capillaries

Question 54

Fluid leaks out of capillaries to bathe cells. They are delicate vessels that carry this fluid back into the body's central circulation.

Answer 54

Lymphatics

Question 55

are conditions in which the walls of the arteries become thick and stiff. This can sometimes restrict blood flow to the organs and tissues.

Answer 55

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

Question 56

The process of this thickening and stiffening is ________. ________ is the most common form of it.

Answer 56

arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis

Question 57

________ refers to hardening of the arteries caused by accumulation of fatty deposits (plaques) and other substances. The heart is one of the organs commonly affected by it.

Answer 57

atherosclerosis

Question 58

is the excessive force of blood pumping through the blood vessels. It's perhaps the most common form of cardiovascular disease in the Western world, affecting about one in four Americans. Although potentially life-threatening, it's one of the most preventable and treatable types of cardiovascular disease.

Answer 58

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Question 59

_____, is a sudden loss of brain function. It occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted (ischemic stroke) or when blood vessels in the brain rupture (hemorrhagic stroke). These, in turn, cause the death of brain cells in the affected areas. This is often thought of as a neurological disorder because of the many complications it causes.

Answer 59

Stroke

Question 60

______, is a bulge or weakness in the wall of an artery or vein. This usually enlarge over time. Because of that, they have the potential to rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding. It can occur in arteries in any location in the body.

Answer 60

Aneurysm

Question 61

The most common sites of aneurysm include the _____ and _____.

Answer 61

abdominal aorta; the arteries at the base of the brain.

Question 62

Detects heart abnormalities, disease and damage by measuring the heart's rhythms and electrical impulses.

Answer 62

Electrocardiography (EKG / ECG)

Question 63

It can assess the heart's reaction under physical stress.

Answer 63

Stress Test/ Exercise tolerance test (ETT) / treadmill test

Question 64

Doctors inject a radioactive substance into the blood, then use gamma-ray cameras to see how the blood moves through the heart. The test shows how well the heart is doing at keeping itself saturated with oxygen-rich blood. The test is often done twice, to check cardiac performance at rest and under physical stress.

Answer 64

NUCLEAR STRESS TESTING

Question 65

Harmless ultrasound waves, similar to the ones used to take sonograms of a fetus, are directed at the chest and bounce off the heart's walls and valves. A computer analyzes these rebounding waves and calculates the size, shape and movement of structures inside the heart. Doctors often take two echoes - one of the heart at rest and another of the heart under stress (e.g., after the patient exercises on the treadmill or after technicians have injected a drug to make the heart race).

Answer 65

ECHOCARDIOGRAM (ECHO)

Question 66

This test combines rapid X-ray scanning with multiple computed topography (CT) to produce the most detailed images available of the heart's arteries without surgery. Patients receive an injection of contrast dye to highlight the blood vessels and X-rays create images of the heart in slices. A computer assembles the slices into an image of the heart that reveals calcium and fat-filled plaques lodged in the arteries.

Answer 66

CT SCAN

Question 67

Powerful magnets create a field that sets the nuclei of atoms in heart cells vibrating. The oscillating atoms emit radio signals, which are converted by computer into either still or moving 3-D images. The arrow at left points to a plaque filled spot in the artery; the scan also reveals the layer of fat that envelops most hearts.

Answer 67

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)