Cardiovascular Assessment and Diagnostics. Flashcards

Question

lips and tongue:

Answer 1

blue tingled? Think cyanosis ( Cyanosis is the medical term for when your skin, lips or nails turn blue due to a lack of oxygen in your blood.) -Dry ? think dehydration

Answer 2

distended when you are at a 45 degree angle? Think hypervolemia. Right sided heart failure (due to lack of blood return in core pulmonale), pericardial temponade (Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle and the outer covering sac (pericardium) of the heart.) or constrictive pericarditis (Constrictive pericarditis is the result of scarring and consequent loss of the normal elasticity of the pericardial sac.)

Answer 3

Auscultate, if crackled (rales) consider left sided heart failure. Assess rate, rhythm, and presence of murmurs.

Answer 4

Fluid accumulation (ascites) or enlarged tender liver may indicate right sided heart failure. Pulsating ((fast-beating)) mass may indicate AAA (An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a swelling (aneurysm : an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall. The aorta is the main blood vessel that leads away from the heart, down through the abdomen to the rest of the body.)

Answer 5

dry (no nutrition /vitamins/food brought by blood), cool- May be from nutrition (Because the blood is not making it and therefore there is no food ). Blue tinged indicates cyanosis. Pallor (palido amarillo) may suggest anemia or low circulation (Because the blood is not making it and therefore there is no food/iron).

Answer 6

Check for edema and pressure areas in immobilized clients.

Answer 7

Clubbing may indicate chronic low O2 saturation as in congenital cardiac and pulmonary disease. Thick nails think can can be due to poor nutrition or impaired O2 delivery.

Answer 8

Absence of hair en thin skin are signs of poor circulation.

Answer 9

Check for edema, presence of pulses, decreased sensation (because it indicates tissue death that can't feel shit coz it's dead), pressure areas.

Answer 10

Increasing age Male gender Gender Heredity (including race) - Generally due to increased incidence and prevalence of obesity and diabetes (Mexican-Americans, Native Americans, Native Hawaiians and some Asian- Americans -African-Americans have high blood pressures than Caucasians -Children of parents with heart disease

Answer 11

-Elevated total cholesterol ***HDL, + LDL + 20 % of triglycerides (This is the total amount of cholesterol that's circulating in your blood.) ***Goal is low LDL, higher HDL and lower triglycerides - HTN -Smoking, vaping, chewing tobacco -Obesity and being overweight -Physical inactivity -Diabetes ***68% of diabetic patients over 65 years die of some kind of heart disease. 16% die of stroke -Stress -Alcohol -Diet & nutrition

Answer 12

-Health perception & health management pattern -Nutritional-metabolic pattern -Elimination pattern -Activity-exercise pattern -Sleep-rest pattern -Cognitive-perceptual pattern -Self-perception & self-concept pattern -Role-relationship pattern -Sexuality-reproductive pattern -Coping & stress tolerance pattern -Values-belief pattern

Answer 13

-Age alters the cardiovascular response to physical and emotional stress -Heart valves become thick and stiff -Frequent need for pacemakers -Less sensitive to β-adrenergic agonist drugs (beta blockers) Basically drugs that stop the effects of epinephrine -Increase in Systolic BP; decrease or no change in DBP. Because there is more resistance due to arteriosclerosis that comes with aging, stiffening of valves and arteries the heart finds itself forced to increase the systolic pressure to counteract this and be able to send blood to the body.

Answer 14

-Loss of elastin -Increase collagen (from scarring through the years ) -Increase of fibrous tissue, fatty deposits, cholesterol -Stiffening and thickening of heart valves and vessels -Decrease beta-adrenergic receptors (are adrenergic receptors primarily responsible for signaling in the sympathetic nervous system.) -Muscle atrophy -Cell -Slight enlargement (thicker walls, larger cells because they compensate to fight the vascular resistance)

Answer 15

-Cardiac hypertrophy causes a decrease in SV and CO (Because if the heart cells become too bing there won't be room for fluid ) So the heart gets bigger to fight vascular resistance but it bites its own tail because now there is less room for blood. -Fewer conducting cells cause an inability for the HR to increase during times of stress (because SA node cells etc go down in numbers ) -Loss of arterial elasticity causes increase resistance & increase HR (Because if the arteries become narrow it means that their resistance to blood flow becomes bigger and that the heart has to increase the rate to make up for it) -Arteriosclerosis -Decrease baroreceptor sensitivity causes a decrease in ability to regulate BP

Answer 16

Arrhythmias (big cause is CAD) Atrial fibrillation Brady-arrhythmias (Slow heart rate) PSVT (Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when a short circuit rhythm develops in the upper chamber of the heart. This results in a regular but rapid heartbeat that starts and stops abruptly.) Aortic Stenosis Valvular disease Stroke PE/DVT: Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis.

Answer 17

Cardiac biomarkers Blood chemistry, hematology, coagulation Lipid profile Brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide C-reactive protein Homocysteine

Answer 18

Troponin <0.03 ng/mL Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of your heart. Troponin isn't normally found in the blood. When heart muscles become damaged, troponin is sent into the bloodstream. As heart damage increases, greater amounts of troponin are released in the blood.

Answer 19

CK-MB 0-3 ng/mL The CK-MB test is a blood test that looks for a specific enzyme. That enzyme, creatine kinase-myocardial band, is most common in your heart but can also mean you have damage to other muscles in your body. The use of this test has decreased because of newer tests that have a better ability to detect heart damage only.

Answer 20

BNP <100 pg (picograms)/mL (>100pg/mL positive for HF) *****ventricular heart failure A B-type natriuretic peptide (a hormone)(BNP) test gives your provider information about how your heart is working. This blood test measures the levels of a protein called BNP in your bloodstream. When your heart has to work harder to pump blood, it makes more BNP. Higher levels of BNP can be a sign of heart failure.

Answer 21

ANP 22-77 pg/mL (>77 pg/mL positive for HF) High levels can mean your heart isn't pumping as much blood as your body needs. Low plasma levels of MR-ANP predict development of future diabetes and glucose progression over time ****atrial heart failure ANP test. ANP stands for atrial natriuretic peptide. ANP is similar to BNP but it is made in a different part of the heart. Metabolic panel to check for kidney disease, which has similar symptoms to heart failure. So depending on what we have more of we will know where the problem in the heart is. If we have more ANP it means that the atria of the heart is working extra hard to compensate for something.

Answer 22

C-reactive protein (CRP) < mg/dL (> 3mg/L positive for MI. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein made by the liver. The level of CRP increases when the coronary arteries get inflamed. Your level of C-reactive protein can be an indicator of how at-risk you are for developing cardiovascular problems. This is because the development of atherosclerosis (accumulation of cholesterol inside the blood vessel walls) is associated with inflammation within the vessel walls. So more C protein indicates a greater chance of developing atherosclerosis which in turn increases the chances of getting a coronary obstruction which leads to more chances of developing an MI.

Answer 23

Increased serum homocysteine levels positively correlated with severity of CAD. An increased cholesterol level promotes atherosclerosis and hence it is a risk factor for CAD. Serum levels of homocysteine were found to be significantly higher in CAD than in non CAD subjects.

Answer 24

Triglycerides < 160 mg/dL (> 400 mg/dL CAD + risk) High triglycerides are often a sign of other conditions that increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Triglycerides are a type of fat that circulates in your blood. Your body makes triglycerides or gets them from the foods you eat. Your body needs some triglycerides for good health. However, high triglycerides in your blood can raise your risk of heart disease and stroke.

Answer 25

-LDL (low-density lipoprotein) <100 mg/dL (> 160 mg/dL CAD + risk) -HDL > greater than 60 mg/dL- (< 40 mg/dL CAD + risk)

Answer 26

Phospholipids 131-276 ng/mL phospholipid saturated fatty acids (SFA) are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and hypertension,

Answer 27

-Muscle weakness, cardiac cells can’t repolarize -ECG: Flat or inverted T wave because the ventricles can't repolarize -ST depression because since there is less K+ ventricular repolarization takes longer. -Ventricular dysrhythmias -Increase digoxin toxicity (In states of hypokalemia, or low potassium, digoxin toxicity is actually worsened because digoxin normally binds to the ATPase pump on the same site as potassium. So when K+ is low digoxin has no competitor and too much of it ends up binding to those receptors, causing a much stronger effect by digoxin. When potassium levels are low, digoxin can more easily bind to the ATPase pump, exerting the inhibitory effects slows and regulates heart rate)

Answer 28

-Causes decreased depolarization and early repolarization: Because too much of it doesn't let NA+ do its job. And too much of it also accelerates repolarization. -ECG: Tall peaked T waves (because repolarization lasts too long), wide QRS (Because too much K+ inside the cell will ake it harder for NA and Ca to depolarize the cell fast. So ends up depolarizing eventually but it takes a long time), prolonged PR intervals, or flat P waves (because depolarization is very short) -Ventricular fibrillation, asystole (so much K+ that contraction doesn't even occur)

Answer 29

-Occurs with dehydration, thiazide diuretics, -ECG: Wide T waves because there is so much Ca+ inside the cell that it takes K+ a long time to depolarize the cell. -Tachycardia or bradycardia, cardiac arrest

Answer 30

serum magnesium < 1.5 mEq/L - Caused by malnutrition, diabetes (Diabetes reduces renal Mg2+ reabsorption resulting in urinary Mg2+ wasting), diuretics, diarrhea -Irritates cardiac muscle -ECG Tall T wave with depressed ST segment (because it helps K+ repolarize and its lack slows polarization) -Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. Because its lack makes depolarizations longer and more frequent. Causing fast heart beats and erratic ones.

Answer 31

Serum magnesium > 2 mEq/L -Caused by renal failure and -MgSO4 administration (Magnesium sulfate) -Causes muscle weakness, hypotension (Hypermagnesemia will cause hypotension by blocking the calcium channels on the adrenal cortex cells and decreasing aldosterone production. Since aldosterone increases blood pressure, an increase in serum magnesium will cause hypotension. The kidneys are responsible for excreting excess amounts of magnesium.) -ECG: Prolonged PR interval and wide QRS -Bradycardia (because there is less Ca+ we have less contraction)

Answer 32

-Non-invasive diagnostic tool used to clients with chest pain (differentiates between myocardial ischemia and infarction) or other cardiac symptoms and arrhythmias -12 lead or rhythm strip, serial ECG for AMI (Acute Myocardial Infarction) times with Troponins -Leads must be placed in specific locations VERY IMPORTANT, client must lie still (reduces artifact) (Electrocardiographic artifacts are defined as electrocardiographic alterations, not related to cardiac electrical activity.) shaving, staying still etc .... helps reduce them

Answer 33

-Wireless, transmitted from a distance with radio signals, continuous ECG monitoring. -Nurses still need to assess mechanical events (cardiac output, VS, skin, etc.)

Answer 34

Telephone/Facsimile/Ambulatory Electrocardiography Electrocardiograph is a machine which is used to assess electrical activity of the cardiac system by using electrodes placed on a patients body. *Transtelephonic event recorder **Phone checks for clients with pacemakers, complete ECGs can be read in 10-15 minutes *Holter monitor *Ziopatch

Answer 35

-Exercise Treadmill/Cardiac Stress Test Dopamine Echo (A dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) may be used if you are unable to exercise. Dobutamine is put in a vein and causes the heart to beat faster. It mimics the effects of exercise on the heart) -Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) -Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

Answer 36

-Pt walks on treadmill with intensity progressing according to protocols -ECG, V/S, symptoms monitored -Terminated when target HR is achieved

Answer 37

Vasodilating agents given to mimic exercise

Answer 38

-Myocardial perfusion imaging -Positron emission tomography -Test of ventricular function, wall motion -Computed tomography -Magnetic resonance angiography

Answer 39

-Measure the ejection fraction -Examine the size, shape, and motion of cardiac structures

Answer 40

Transthoracic Transesophageal (relating to the esophagus.) goes through the esophagus

Answer 41

Invasive procedure used to diagnose structural and functional diseases of the heart and great vessels Right Heart Cath Pulmonary artery pressure and oxygen saturations may be obtained; biopsy of myocardial tissue may be obtained Left Heart Cath Involves use of contrast agent

Answer 42

1- Observe cath site for bleeding, hematoma 2- Assess peripheral pulses (because if not well placed it can cut the blood flow ) 3- Evaluate temp, color, and cap refill of affected extremity 4- Screen for dysrhythmias (because it can cause a block) 5- Maintain bed rest 2 to 6 hours 6- Instruct patient to report chest pain, bleeding 7- Monitor for contrast-induced (damage to kidneys due to introduction of needle in veins (endocarditis)) nephropathy 8- Ensure patient safety

Answer 43

It monitors the following: - Central venous pressure -Pulmonary artery pressure -Intra-arterial B/P monitoring -Minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring devices

Answer 44

-Nuclear cardiology (MUGA) – looks at wall motion, valves & EF -CV Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -3D without radiation -Cardiac catheterization – used to measure O2/pressures, CO & EF, look at vessels (CAD) & valves and LV function **Uses contrast, fluoroscopy -CXR – used to visualize density, position, size, lungs (pulmonary edema) -Electrophysiology (EPS) – looks at and can initiate heart rhythm from electrodes placed into the heart chambers (like a right heart catheterization), used for ablation

Answer 45

-Balloon angioplasty -Stent placement (fat can't attach to it to form a clot) -Complications – re-occlusion, thrombus, stroke, hemorrhage, hematoma, catheter related complications, , MI, AKI (accute kidney injury) (if you don't place it well) -Nursing assessment priorities – assess for bleeding, hematoma, change in MS (mitral stinosis )/neurological status, chest pain, ECG for arrhythmias, renal function -Nursing care priorities- (bed rest BR) for at least 4 hours post procedure,

Answer 46

an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall. this can be caused by High blood pressure can place increased pressure on the walls of the blood vessels

Answer 47

Causes of circulatory/stagnant hypoxia may include: Edema, or the swelling of the tissues, which can limit the ability of oxygen in the blood from effectively reaching the tissues

Answer 48

Represents atrial depolarization after a firing of an AP by the SA node (the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of NA+ and an exist of K+). It is created by the SA node and it causes the RA and LA to contract and push whatever blood is left in them to the ventricles

Answer 49

It begins and the end of the P- wave if we have to look at it on a paper and it ends at the Q. It represents The delay that is carried out by the AV node to allow the atria to fully empty out and send whatever blood it has to the ventricles before they start depolarizing to contract. Remember the AV node is called the gate keeper.

Answer 50

It begins and the beginning of the P-wave if we have to look at it on a paper and it ends at the Q. It demonstrates how long it takes for an electrical signal to go from the SA node to the AV node. It is important in determining if the pt has a heart block

Answer 51

Represents ventricular depolarization leading to the contraction of both ventricles. Also very important: here is where atrial repolarization occurs but it is not visible. The reason that they are not seen is that the ventricles are so large that whenever atria relax they are overshadowed by that massive depolarization of the ventricles. Side note: It makes sense that atrial repolarization occurs at the same time as ventricular depolarization because if the atria have already contracted after getting that SA node jolt and has sent it to the ventricles now it's time to relax and get polarized/repolarize/ relax

Answer 52

it is where the QRS meets the ST- segment.

Answer 53

Represents the completion of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarization. This segment should be flat (isoelectric) with no depression or elevation. Side note: isoelectric means flat and it describes the resting phases of the heart cells during the whole ecg graph.

Answer 54

Represents the beginning of ventricular (repolarization/ polarization/ relaxation) The reason that it is so big is that the ventricles are big.

Answer 55

This represents that ventricular repolarization is complete.

Answer 56

Sometimes after a T wave you see a u-wave which might indicate hypokalemia. low K+

Answer 57

It starts at the beginning of QRST and ends after the T-wave. It represents the time that it takes for an electrical signal to cause a ventricular contraction and then rest (relax).

Answer 58

Measured from the beginning of the P wave to the next P wave. Determines atrial rate and rhythm.

Answer 59

R-R interval: measure from one QRS to the next. Determines ventricular rate and rhythm.

Answer 60

Arteriosclerosis is a type of vascular disease where the blood vessels carrying oxygen away from the heart (arteries) become damaged from factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and certain genetic influences. They become narrowed

Answer 61

It is measured from the QRS complex to the next QRS complex. The RR interval is used to determine ventricular rate and rhythm.

Answer 62

Respond to changes in pressure in the arterial system which leads to vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the situation.

Answer 63

High pressure systems.

Answer 64

They are low pressure system and they have a lot of volume because they are trying to get that blood back to the heart. Because veins are low pressure the muscle in our legs help push that blood back to the heart because it is going against gravity.

Answer 65

this can be a sign of heart failure.

Answer 66

Because if they have to lift their legs and put them on top of a pillow it can indicate heart failure. Congestive heart failure causes one or both of the heart's lower chambers stop pumping blood well. As a result, blood can back up in the legs, ankles and feet, causing edema. Congestive heart failure can also cause swelling in the stomach area. This condition also can cause fluid to build up in the lungs. Because the blood starts to backup and exit to the interstitial space and when that happens and you stand it ends up going to your legs due to gravity !

Answer 67

can be caused by heart failure A weak heart due to heart failure: A weak heart can't pump blood efficiently, causing fluids to build up in the body. The kidneys work to rid the body of excess fluid, causing large amounts of urine production and frequent urination In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF—sometimes called systolic heart failure): The heart contracts less forcefully and pumps out a lower percentage of the blood that is returned to it. As a result, more blood remains in the heart. Blood then accumulates in the lungs, veins, or boththen the legs due to the effects of gravity. The kidneys try to fix this by peeing. This peeing occurs more at night because more interstitial fluid/blood makes it back to the heart due to less gravity because you are laying down.

Answer 68

It can lead to sudden sleep death.

Answer 69

Chest pain or shortness of breath? When? What makes it better or worse? Do you smoke/drink? How much/often? Have you ever noticed swelling in your feet/ankles/legs? How many pillows do you sleep with at night? Do you wake up in the middle of the night having to urinate? Do you have a history of sleep apnea? Do you ever experience dizziness or a feeling of light-headedness? What medications are you taking? What do you do for a living? How much stress are you currently under?

Answer 70

Many non-cardiac medications can interact with the cardiovascular system Anti-psychotics: Dysrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension Corticosteroids (In humans, corticosteroids may have the ability to induce sudden electrolyte shifts, resulting in cardiac arrhythmias including bradycardia.): Hypotension, edema, potassium depletion Contraceptives: MI, blood clots, stroke, hypertension NSAIDS (all but aspirin): MI, stroke, hypertension, heart failure Cocaine/amphetamines: Increased HR, MI, HTM, dysrhythmias * TCA's ( tricyclic antidepressant ): Dysrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension

Answer 71

less than 120/80

Answer 72

S: 120-129 D: Less than 80

Answer 73

S: 130-139 D: 80-89

Answer 74

S: 140 or higher D: 90 or higher

Answer 75

S: Higher than 180 D: higher than 120

Answer 76

SBP should not decrease by more than 20mmHg HR should-not increase by more than 20 bpm or 10%

Answer 77

S1: (lub): heard at the end of filling. Meaning end of diastole. It is the closure of the tricuspid and the bicuspid valve simultaneously. S2: (dub): (S2) represents closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves after ventricular contraction. They contract simultaneously.

Answer 78

it means that they are not getting enough blood to that leg.

Answer 79

It means that the blood is having a hard time coming back to the heart.

Answer 80

Temperature We need to palpate: Pulses "Where do we palpate? Is it regular? Normal? 0 = absent D = Doppler ≥1+ = weak 2+ = normal 3+ = bounding Capillary refill  Should be LESS than 3 seconds What does this indicate? For edema Pitting: if i put my finger and the mark stays there it's pitting? Non-pitting?  Scale 1+ trace just a little mark left aboit 1mm left 2+ mild about 4mm left 3+ moderate about 6 mm 4+ severe about 8mm

Answer 81

The release of both ANP and BNP is increased in heart failure We do this to look for hear failure to see if the patient is overloaded or if they are in acute heart failure.

Answer 82

Chest X-ray Is the heart in the right place? How big is it? Electrocardiogram * Is the heart getting perfused and beating like it is supposed to? Echocardiogram * Is the heart pumping? are the valves working? How much blood is the heart able to get out? is there an infection? It is more of a visualisation of your heart pumping. it's a looking at the mechanical function of the heart, are the valves working? Stress Testing What happens to your heart when it gets stressed? It could be a medication or a treadmill. Holter monitor/Loop recorder (The Holter monitor is a type of portable electrocardiogram (ECG).) Are you having abnormal heart rhythms? 6-minute walk test Can you tolerate breathing and walking at the same time? Venous ultrasound of extremities Is there a clot present? Is blood flow present? Though they sound similar, they are two different tests. An electrocardiogram measures the pattern of electric pulses generated by the heart's rhythm, whereas an echocardiogram uses sound waves to check the structure of your heart

Answer 83

It is a type of cardiac catheterization that looks specifically at the coronary arteries to check blood flow to diagnose blood blockages or heart attack. A coronary angiogram is a procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see your heart's blood vessels. The test is generally done to see if there's a restriction in blood flow going to the heart. Coronary angiograms are part of a general group of procedures known as heart (cardiac) catheterizations.

Answer 84

It can be valve replacement -A bypass for arterial disease in the legs where they bypass a blood vessel that is blocked.

Answer 85

0.12 seconds to 0.2 seconds aka as 0.20

Answer 86

It has to be less than 0.12 seconds

Answer 87

0.36 to 0.44

Answer 88

it is the small tiny square and it is 1 mm

Answer 89

it is 5 of the tiny squares and it is 5mm

Answer 90

it is 5 big squares and it is 25 mm

Answer 91

Count the number of large boxes between the RR interval and divide 300 by it Ex 4 big boxes and divided 300 by it : 300/4=75 bpm

Answer 92

count the number of tiny boxes between RR and divide by it 1500 ex: 1500/19=79 bpm

Answer 93

Telemetry units in hospitals are units where patients are under constant electronic monitoring. Many patients in telemetry units have experienced cardiovascular incidents like heart attacks or strokes and must be kept under close observation as they recover.

Answer 94

It increases the force of the myocardial contraction. A positive inotropic effect increases the force of myocardial contraction. A positive chronotropic (cronometro=tiempo) effect increases the heart rate. A positive inotropic effect will usually help slow respiratory rate and will increase blood flow through the kidneys, so the fluid output will increase.

Answer 95

Positive chronotropes increase heart rate; negative chronotropes decrease heart rate. A dromotrope affects atrioventricular node (AV node) conduction.

Answer 96

An electrophysiology study is a procedure that enables the physician to examine the electrical activity of the heart, produce actual dysrhythmias, and determine the best method for care. Short for electrophysiology studies where they can go and burn off pathways if your heart is not sending a good signal so that they can change it or reset it.

Answer 97

Cardioversion uses synchronized electricity to change the rhythm pattern with a small shock.

Answer 98

provide diagnostic information

Answer 99

Atropine is the medication of choice in treating symptomatic sinus bradycardia. rate less than 60 bpm

Answer 100

"Sawtooth" pattern to the waveform The "sawtooth pattern" is the classic waveform appearance with atrial flutter. The atrial rate is faster than the AV node can conduct.

Answer 101

An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator is a device implantable inside the body, able to perform defibrillation, and depending on the type, cardioversion and pacing of the heart.

Answer 102

Defibrillation is used during pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Answer 103

the most common cause of dysrhythmias is ischemic heart disease. When the heart does not obtain sufficient blood to meet demands, the heart works harder to circulate body fluids and becomes inefficient in the process.

Answer 104

Asystole, colloquially referred to as flatline, represents the cessation of electrical and mechanical activity of the heart. Asystole typically occurs as a deterioration of the initial non-perfusing ventricular rhythms: ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (V-tach).

Answer 105

Hypoxia Hypovolemia (if there is no blood to pump why would the heart pump in the first place) Hypothermia (The heart gets frozen) Acidosis (if the heart has no o2 it can't contract and it just stops ) Ventricular asystole is treated the same as pulseless electrical activity (PEA), focusing on high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with minimal interruptions and identifying underlying and contributing factors

Answer 106

Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs. a weakness of the heart that leads to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and surrounding body tissues. The main cause of congestive heart failure is CAD

Answer 107

Nitroglycerin is a vasodilatory drug used primarily to provide relief from anginal chest pain. Nitroglycerin remains a first-line treatment for angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction.

Answer 108

occurs uncommonly in patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Deliberate or accidental device rotation precipitates lead winding and retraction, causing failure to sense or capture, or stimulation of non-cardiac structures including the diaphragm or pectoral muscles.

Answer 109

occur at a rate of more than six per minute

Answer 110

The definition of stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.

Answer 111

Sleep apnea is known for gasping and waking up to try to get air. This is because the heart is not pumping enough blood / low perfusion

Answer 112

Dizziness is defined as feeling like the room is spinning or you are going to pass out. This can be due to a slow or fast heart rhythm, and can indicate that your heart's electrical system is not firing properly. “This could be a sign of an arrhythmia, or of a heart valve condition,”

Answer 113

Ischemic heart disease

Answer 114

High indicates a higher chance of CAD

Answer 115

Literally means narrowing.

Answer 116

The heart is working so hard that it needs to cool off. Just like you when you workout!

Answer 117

In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF—sometimes called systolic heart failure): The heart contracts less forcefully and pumps out a lower percentage of the blood that is returned to it. As a result, more blood remains in the heart. Blood then accumulates in the lungs, veins, or boththen the legs due to the effects of gravity. The heart tries to fix this by peeing. This peeing occurs more at night because more interstitial fluid/blood makes it back to the heart due to less gravity because you are laying down.

Answer 118

Heart failure causes reduced blood flow to the rest of your body. If the flow to your brain is lower than usual or your blood pressure is low, you may feel dizzy.

Answer 119

When the arteries become clogged, your heart is forced to work harder to keep blood flowing. In response, your body sweats to keep your temperature down. It's like when you run or workout.

Answer 120

In humans, corticosteroids may have the ability to induce sudden electrolyte shifts, resulting in cardiac arrhythmias including bradycardia.

Cardiovascular Assessment and Diagnostics. Flashcards

(145 cards)