cardiovascular diseases

Question 1

primary (essential) hypertension

Answer 1

problem in the blood vessels

Question 2

secondary hypertension

Answer 2

due to renal or adrenal disorders

Question 3

malignant hypertension

Answer 3

rapidly increasing BP

Question 4

in which arteries happens aortic dissection and cerebrovascular hemorrhage

Answer 4

small and medium sized arteries

Question 5

hyaline atherosclerosis

Answer 5

typical for mild hypertension, arteriolar wall thickening causing narrow lumen

Question 6

hyperplastic atherosclerosis

Answer 6

typical for severe hypertension, onion skinning

Question 7

onion skinning

Answer 7

intimal thickening (reversible)

Question 8

aneurysms

Answer 8

congenital or acquired dilations of the heart or blood vessels that involve the entire wall thickness

Question 9

dissections

Answer 9

when blood enters the area between seperate layers of the vessel wall. only involve intima

Question 10

varicose veins

Answer 10

abnormally dilated tortuous veins due to chronically increased pressure in vein and weakened vessel wall support

Question 11

oesophagal varices

Answer 11

can be induced by portal hypertension, increased blood flow into upstream veins

Question 12

vasculitis

Answer 12

inflammation in vessel wall

Question 13

thrombophlebitis/phlebothrombosis

Answer 13

deep venous thrombosis accompanied by inflammation

Question 14

arteriosclerosis

Answer 14

arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity in small arteries

Question 15

plaque formation

Answer 15

intravascular accumulation of lipids and cellular debris, infiltrating cells covered by a fibrous cap

Question 16

LDL

Answer 16

bad cholesterol, bring cholesterol into tissues

Question 17

HDL

Answer 17

good cholesterol, bring cholesterol from tissues to liver

Question 18

apolipoproteins

Answer 18

LDL like particles, produced by liver during disease

Question 19

stable plaques

Answer 19

narrowing vessels leading to ischemia

Question 20

unstable plaques

Answer 20

risk of rupture, thrombosis, large lipid cores

Question 21

stenosis

Answer 21

narrowing lumen

Question 22

congestive heart failure

Answer 22

decreases outflow

Question 23

primary cardiac disease

Answer 23

confined to the myocardium, mostly genetic

Question 24

secondary cardiac disease

Answer 24

caused by other disease, atherosclerosis, renal disease

Question 25

idiopathic cardiac disease

Answer 25

unknown cause of disease

Question 26

dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 26

enlargement of all cardiac chambers, hypertrophy of the wall, heart wall is poorly contractive

Question 27

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 27

heart is thick walled, heavy and hypercontractile, diastolic disfunction

Question 28

endocarditis

Answer 28

inflammation in the heart valves

Question 29

myocarditis

Answer 29

viral infection in the myocard

Question 30

myocardial infarction

Answer 30

heart attack, full blockade of coronary arteries causing the cardiomyocytes to die

Question 31

angina pectoris

Answer 31

partial blockade of coronary arteries, no cardiomyocyte death yet

Question 32

unstable angina

Answer 32

occurs at low exercise or rest