Cardiovascular disorders

Question 1

Deepest layer of the heart

Answer 1

Endocardium

Question 2

Muscle layer between endocardium and epicardium
-Coronary arteries feed blood to this tissue

Answer 2

Myocardium

Question 3

Visceral (deepest layer) and Parietal (outer layer) layers of the heart

Answer 3

Pericardium

Question 4

Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac

Answer 4

Hydropericardium

Question 5

Excess of blood in an area of the body

Answer 5

Hyperemia

Question 6

The enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in size of cells composing it

Answer 6

Hypertrophy

Question 7

Death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

Answer 7

Infarction

Question 8

Reduction in arterial blood supply

Answer 8

Ischemia

Question 9

The formation or presence of an attached blood clot

Answer 9

Thrombosis

Question 10

Failure of a heart valve to close tightly, thus allowing regurgitation of blood

Answer 10

Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)

Question 11

The condition of the heart being enlarged due to stretching as a result of disease
-Often occurs due to the heart overfilling with blood
-May result in damage to the valves or the cardiac septum which may lead to a back flow of blood

Answer 11

Dilatation (dilation)

Question 12

Enlargement of the heat due to an increase in the size of the cells composing it
-May be pathological but is often a change experienced by athletes
-Initially is a positive change that is an adaptive response to an increased cardiac workload that allows the heart to pump more blood

Answer 12

Cardiac hypertrophy

Question 13

High blood pressure in combination with left ventricle hypertrophy
-As the size of the heart increases, myocardium becomes tighter and less efficient
-Also occurs in combination with changes to the left atrium and the coronary arteries

Answer 13

Hypertensive heart disease

Question 14

Inflammation of the endocardium
-May include heart valves and/ or cardiac septum
-Some causes and associated conditions: damage caused by blood clots, presense of bacteria, infection from implantation of artificial heart valves, intravenous drugs
-Infection may easily spread to the kidneys and cause inflammation of the renal blood vessels

Answer 14

Endocarditis

Question 15

Inflammation of the pericardium or in the space between the layers of the pericardium
-Heart is unable to expand properly and blood pressure drops
-Commonly caused by infection and blunt force trauma
-Cardiac tamponade is a fatal decrease in blood pressure resulting from an excessive amount of fluid accumulation in the pericardial space

Answer 15

Pericarditis

Question 16

Inflammation of the heart muscle
-Can result in a decreased ability of the heart muscle to properly pump blood
-May be associated with a virus, drug reaction, or other inflammatory condition

Answer 16

Myocarditis

Question 17

Inflammation of the heart
-Generally actually refers to myocarditis, pericarditis, or endocarditis

Answer 17

Carditis

Question 18

Failure of a heart valve to close tightly, thus allowing regurgitation of blood
-Congenital condition that causes the valves to form improperly

Answer 18

Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)

Question 19

Narrowing of the valvular orifice
-Acquired

Answer 19

Valvular stenosis (stricture)

Question 20

Misshapen valve due to excessive stretching
-Aquired

Answer 20

Valvular prolapse

Question 21

A mass of matter in the bloodstream

Answer 21

Embolus

Question 22

The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris

Answer 22

Embolism

Question 23

A blood clot that is attached to a blood vessel or cavity of the heart

Answer 23

Thrombus

Question 24

The formation or presence of an attached blood clot

Answer 24

Thrombosis

Question 25

Permanent damage to the heart valve due to rheumatic fever -Result of bacterial infection (Streptococcus pyogenes) -Most commonly causes damage to the mitral valve -Can lead to endocarditis or other infections of other layers of the heart -Can lead to cardiac failure if severe enough -Originates as strep throat or scarlet fever before progressing to rheumatic fever

Answer 25

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 26

Heart failure

Answer 26

Cardiac failure

Question 27

Heart failure that is sudden and often caused by injury, infection, a heart attack, or a blood clot

Answer 27

Acute heart failure

Question 28

Heart failure that is long term and is often associated with another disorder or disorders

Answer 28

Chronic heart failure

Question 29

Heart is unable to pump as much blood as the venous system is supplying

Answer 29

Congestive heart failure

Question 30

-Blood is congested in the ventricles and eventually throughout the venous system -Not enough blood is entering the arterial system -Causes edema in associated tissues -May result in cardiac failure in the entire heart or cardiac failure on the left or right side of the heart -R sided cardiac failure is usually due to an issue with L ventricle and leads to generalized edema -L sided cardiac failure is usually caused by high blood pressure, bicuspid or aortic valve issues, coronary artery disease, or disorders of the myocardium and often results in pulmonary edema

Answer 30

Congestive heart failure

Question 31

Formation of necrosis caused by an obstruction -Often due to a blood clot within the coronary artery -Can lead to cardiac failure -Usually when death occurs, it is acute -If partial blockage occurs, chronic cardiac failure may ensue

Answer 31

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 32

Disease of the heart muscle -Reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood -**Primary** is idiopathic -**Secondary** has a known cause

Answer 32

Cardiomyopathy

Question 33

Inflammation of the arteries -Idiopathic -Sometimes associated with bacteria, fungi, viruses, and autoimmune conditions

Answer 33

Arteritis

Question 34

Inflammation of the veins -Causes blood clots to form along the walls and valves of the veins -Common in calf muscles

Answer 34

Phlebitis

Question 35

If **phlebitis** is in the legs and spreads throughout the pelvic region

Answer 35

Deep venous thrombosis

Question 36

Enlarged twisted veins -Most common in the legs and feet -Sometimes associated with pain

Answer 36

Varicose veins

Question 37

Varicose veins, but in the esophagus

Answer 37

Esophageal varices

Question 38

Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls -Most common in large, medium sized arteries -Some forms affect the arterioles only or the medial layer of the arteries only

Answer 38

Arteriosclerosis

Question 39

Form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls -Fatty substances: cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium -Common in elderly people -Plaque can occlude arteries and fragment of becoming a floating embolus

Answer 39

Atherosclerosis

Question 40

Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis -Plaque can form and reduce blood flow and cause blood clot formation -Thickening of the arterial wall causes **spasms** -Loss of blood flow eventually will lead to death

Answer 40

Coronary artery disease (Ischemic heart disease)

Question 41

A localized dilation of a blood vessel -Caused by damage to or weakness of a blood vessel -Almost always form in an artery -Pressure will likely eventually cause a rupture -Most fatal occur in the abdominal aorta or cerebral arteries

Answer 41

Aneurysm

Question 42

Necrotic tissue due to a reduction in arterial blood supply to a body part that remains aseptic

Answer 42

Dry gangrene (Ischemic necrosis)

Question 43

Necrotic tissue resulting from inadequate venous drainage accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria

Answer 43

Moist gangrene