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Cardiovascular drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

A heart condition wherein blood accumulates in the heart (dilatation), lungs (pulmonary congestion), abdomen (ascites), LE (peripheral edema) that results in the inability of the cardiac output to maintain normal blood pressure

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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2
Q

A heart condition caused by arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis of coronary arteries

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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3
Q

Main symptom of Coronary Artery Disaese

A

Angina pectoris

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4
Q

A heart condition causes by the complete blockage of one of the coronary arteries

A

Myocardial Infarction

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5
Q

Disturbances in the normal electrical activity of the heart

A

Cardiac Arrythmias

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6
Q

In what structures do Supraventricular arrhythmias occur?

A

SA node
AV node

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7
Q

In what structures can Ventricular arrythmias be found?

A

Ventricles
Purkinje fibers

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8
Q

Causes of HTN

A

Increases sympathetic activity
Sodium overload
Renal dse
Increased RAAS activity
Smoking
Obesity

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8
Q

Drugs used to treat HTN

A

Diuretics
Sympatholytic
Vasodilator
Calcium antagonist
ACEi
Angiotensin receptor blocking drugs

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9
Q

Effects of Diuretic therapy on HTN

A

Increases sodium excretion
Relaxes arterial blood vessels

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10
Q

Vasodilators that must be used along c diuretics and sympathetic-blocking drugs

A

Hydralazine
Minoxidil

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10
Q

Examples of Beta blockers

A

Acebutolol
Bisprolol
Metoprolol
Nadolol

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10
Q

Diuretic used in pts c reduced renal function

A

Organic acid diuretics (loop diuretics)

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10
Q

Effects of vasodilators

A

Decrease muscular tone and contractile function of blood vessels

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10
Q

Diuretic used for pts c adequate renal function

A

Thiazides

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11
Q

Examples of Alpha blockers

A

Terasozin
Doxazosin
Prazosin

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11
Q

Side effects of diuretics

A

Excessive loss of fluid, sodium, and potassium

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11
Q

Effects of Alpha blockers

A

lower BP by vasodilation

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11
Q

Examples of loop diuretics

A

Bumetanide
Furosemide
Torsemide

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11
Q

Effects of central-acting sympatholytic drugs

A

Decreases activity of cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata

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11
Q

Effects of beta blockers

A

lower BP by decreasing heart rate and cardiac output

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11
Q

Central-acting sympatholytic drugs

A

Clonidine
Guanfacine
Methyldopa

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12
Q

Side effects of calcium antagonists

A

Excessive vasodilation
Hypotension
Cutaneous flushing
Headache

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12
Q

Effect of Minoxidil

A

Hirsutism (excessive hair growth)

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12
Function of Calcium antagonists
Block influx of calcium ions into the heart and blood vessels to vasodilate and lower blood pressure and oxygen demand
13
Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers
Produce vasodilation and decrease the activity of aldosterone
13
Calcium antagonists that act on both heart and blood vessels
Verapamil Diltiazem
14
Effects of ACEi
Inhibit the formation of angiotensin, which is a potent vasoconstrictor Decrease the release of aldosterone, which retains sodium and water
14
Pathogenesis of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Block angiotensin receptors on blood vessels and adrenal cortex
14
Why are calcium agonists taken?
To prevent angina
14
Calcium antagonists that act to dilate arterial blood vessels
Nifedipine
15
Why are Angiotensin Receptor blockers used?
It produces a lower incidence of adverse effects compared to ACEIs
16
Drugs used in Hypertensive crisis
Diazoxide Nitroprusside
17
Chest pain d/t CAD and myocardial ischemia
Angina Pectoris
17
Drugs used to treat CAD
Nitrites and Nitrates Bet adrenergic blocking drugs Calcium antagonists (calcium channel blockers)
17
Drugs used to relieve acute attacks of Angina
Amyl nitrite Nitroglycerin Isosorbide and Pentaerythritol nitrates
17
Effects of Nitrites and Nitrates
Forms nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator of blood vessels
17
Physiologic effects of Nitrites and Nitrates
Decreased BP Tachycardia
18
Onset of Amyl nitrate
Sudden
18
Onset for Nitroglycerin
Few minutes
18
Administration route of Amyl nitrate
Inhalation
18
Duration of Amyl nitrate
5-10 mins
19
Administration route for Nitroglycerin
Sublingual
19
Duration of action of Nitroglycerin
30-45 mins
20
Side effects of Nitrites and Nitrates
Vasomotor flushing Dizziness Headache Hypotension Fainting Tachycardia
20
Other administration routes of Nitroglycerin
Intravenous Topical
20
Parameters of Isosorbide and Pentaerythritol nitrates
3-4 times/day (depending on the freq of angina) oral
21
What do sympathetic beta receptors do?
Increase HR Increase force of contraction Increase o2 demand
21
Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
Decreases cardiac work Decreases O2 demand
21
Associated with the depolarization and influx of Na ions
Excitability
21
Why are beta blockers used?
Prevent angina
21
Associated with the repolarization and efflux of K ions
Repolarization
21
From what plant source are Cardiac Glycoside derived from?
Digitalis purpurea Digitalis lanata
21
Effect of hypokalemia
Increase drug toxicity Can cause arrythmias
21
Effects of hyperkalemia
Decrease the action of cardiac glycosides
22
Properties of Digitoxin
Water soluble Eliminated mostly unmetabolized in urinary tact Lipid soluble Longer half-life
22
Effects of hypercalcemia
increase the action and toxicity of cardiac glycosides
22
Adverse effects of cardiac glycosides
headache nausea dizziness halo effect bradycardia ectopic beats
22
Pharmacologic effect of cardiac glycosides
Increase the myocardial contraction Decrease HR Decrease AV conduction
22
Example of cardiac glycoside
Digitoxin
22
Mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides
Inhibit sodium pump resulting in sodium retention in the myocardial cells Increased intracellular Na stimulates Na/Ca exchange bringing more Ca inside the heart = increasing force of contraction Stimulate Vagus nn = decrease HR
22
Function of diuretics in CHF
Eliminate excess sodium and fluid retention Elimination of excess fluid results in efficient heart function
22
Effects of Vasodilators in CHF
Decrease peripheral resistance Allow more efficient blood flow Increase CO
23
Ability of the SA and AV nodes to initiate membrane depolarizations
Automaticity
24
Class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs
Quinidine Procainamide
25
Main effects of Quinidine and Procainamide
Decrease excitability Slow conduction Prolong refractory period
26
ECG presentations of taking Quinidine and Procainamide
prolong PR, QRS, and QT intervals
27
Indications of Quinidine and Procainamide
Supraventricular arrhythmias Ventricular arrhythmias
28
Class 1 local anesthetic-type antiarrhythmic
Lidocaine
28
Indications for Lidocaine
Ventricular arrythmias
29
Administration route for Lidocaine
Intravenous
30
Effect of Lidocaine
decrease automaticity
31
Similar drugs to Lidocaine that are administered orally
Mexiletine Tocainide
32
Class 2 antiarrhythmic drug
Propranolol
33
Main effect of Propranolol
slow HR slow AV conduction prolong refractory period
34
Indication of Propranolol
Supraventricular arrhythmias Ventricular arrhythmias
35
ECG presentation upon taking Propranolol
Increased PR interval
36
Class 3 antiarrhythmic drug
Amiodarone
37
Indication for Amiodarone
More serious arrhythmias when other drugs have failed
38
Main effect of Amiodarone
prolong refractory period increase QT interval
39
Side effect of Amiodarone
May interfere with thyroid function as it contains iodine
40
Class 4 antiarrhythmic drugs
Verapamil Diltiazem
41
Pathogenesis of Verapamil and Diltiazem
Block calcium ions
42
Effects of Verapamil and Diltiazem
Decrease HR Decrease AV conduction Increase PR interval
43
Indication of Verapamil and Diltiazem
Supraventricular arrhythmias
44
Side effect of Verapamil and Diltiazem
Cardiac depression higher doses
45
Main action of Adenosine
Decrease AV conduction Slow Hr
46
Indication for Adenosine
Emergency acute supraventricular tachycardia
47
Administration route of Adenosine
Intravenous
48
Duration of action of Adenosine
15-30 secs

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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