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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What are the B1 Agonists

A

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol

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2
Q

What are the Cardiac Stimulants

A

B1 Agonists
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Glucagon
Calcium salts

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3
Q

What are the positive inotropic drugs

A

Digitalis glycosides

B1 agonists

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4
Q

What are the digitalis glycosides

A

Digitoxin
Digoxin
Ouabain

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5
Q

How is digoxin given

A

Oral

Slow IV in emergency

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6
Q

When is digoxin used

A

CHF

Atrial arrhythmias in dogs

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7
Q

How does Digoxin work

A

Inhibition of Na-K ATPase in myocardial cell

Increases Na exchange with Ca –> increased intracellular calcium

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8
Q

What are the effects of digoxin

A

Decreased sinus rate
Slowing of AV conduction
Prolonged PR intervals
Increased heart efficiency, normalized BP

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9
Q

How is digoxin excreted in dogs and horses

A

Renal

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10
Q

How is digoxin excreted in cats

A

Renal and Hepatic

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11
Q

Adverse effects of digoxin

A

Acute hyperkalemia
Chronic hypokalemia
Arrhythmias

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12
Q

What is an inodilator

A

Positive inotrope and balanced vasodilator

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13
Q

What is the major inodilator

A

Pimobendan

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14
Q

How is Pimobendan given

A

Oral

60% bioavailability

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15
Q

Pimobendan enhances the interaction between ___ and ___ leading to ___

A

Ca and troponin C

Increase in intracellular Ca and myocardial oxygen consumption

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16
Q

Pimobendan inhibits ___ leading to __

A

PDE 3
Balanced vasodilation
Decreased cardiac preload and afterload

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17
Q

What is Pimobendan used for

A

CHF in dogs

Improves life quality and length for DCM and CVD

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18
Q

Adverse affects of Pimobendan

A

Diarrhea, vomiting, inappetence, seizures, PU/PD

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19
Q

Pimobendan is less arrhythmogenic than digitalis T/F

A

True

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20
Q

Do not use Pimobendan w/

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Where CO increase is not physically possible

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21
Q

Vasodilators for CHF

A

ACE inhibitors - Enalapril
Hydralazine
Nitrates
Prazosin

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22
Q

Diuretics used in CHF

A

Loop diuretics - furosemide
Thiazide diuretics
Potassium retaining diuretics - spironolactone

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23
Q

Blocking B1 results in

A

Indirect vasodilation

Inhibit renin and angiotensin 2

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24
Q

Main Beta Blocker

A

Carvedilol

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25
What does carvedilol do
Non-selective B-blocker and alpha 1 blocker Antioxidant inhibits endothelin release Reduces harmful effects of SNS
26
What is carvedilol primarily used for
Early CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy
27
Adverse effects of carvedilol
Hypotension Bradycardia Hyperkalemia
28
Causes of arrhythmias
Imbalances of sympathetic and parasympathetic Changes in serum K, Ca, Mg Hypoxemia, acidosis, Trauma, drugs CHF, cardiac ischemia, infarction
29
Tachyarrhythmia Class 1 a/b
Sodium channel blockers A - prolongs action potential B - shortens action potential
30
Tachyarrhythmia Class 2
B-blockers - drug of choice for cats
31
Tachyarrhythmia Class 3
Agents that prolong action potential duration (K blocker)
32
Tachyarrhythmia Class 4
Ca channel blockers
33
Quinidine - Class and function
Class 1 A | Prolonged action potential
34
Quinidine is used for
Ventricular arrhythmias | Atrial fibrilation in horses
35
Procainamide - class and function
Class 1A | Prolonged action potential
36
Procainamide is used for
Ventricular arrhythmias
37
Lidocaine - Class and function
Class 1B | Shortens action potential
38
Lidocaine is used for
Intravenous drug of choice for ventricular arrhythmias due to general anethetics, surgery, ischemia, trauma Digitalis induced arrhythmias
39
Phenytoin - Class and function
Class 1B | Shortens action potential
40
Phenytoin is used for
Digitalis induced arrhythmias in dogs
41
Propranolol class
Class 2 - beta blocker
42
Propranolol is used for
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Digitalis induced tachyarrhythmias Arrhythmias due to inhalation anesthesia
43
Verapamil and Diltiazem Class
Class IV - Ca channel blocker
44
Verapamil and Diltiazem are used for
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias | Myocardial hypertrophy
45
Types of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Dogs
Atrial Tachycardia Atrial flutter Atrial Fibrillation
46
Drugs used for Atrial Tachycardia
``` Digoxin Procainamide Propranolol Quinidine Phenytoin ```
47
Drugs used for Atrial Flutter
Digoxin Quinidine Procainamide Propranolol
48
Drugs used for Atrial Fibrillation
Digoxin Propranolol Quinidine Procainamide
49
Ventricular Arrhythmias in Dogs
Ventricular Premature Complexes | Ventricular Tachycardia
50
Drugs used for Ventricular Premature Complexes
``` Quinidine Procainamide Lidocaine Phenytoin Propranolol ```
51
Drugs used for Ventricular Tachycardia
``` Procainamide Lidocaine Quinidine Phenytoin Propranolol ```
52
What is the drug of choice for CATS with Supraventricular or Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Beta Blockers
53
Bradyarrhythmias in Dogs
Sinus bradycardia Second degree AV block Cardiac Asystole (Cardiac resuscitation)
54
Drugs used for Sinus Bradycardia
Atropine | Isoproterenol
55
Drugs used for Second Degree AV Block
Atropine (best) Isoproterenol Glucagon
56
Drugs used for Cardiac Asystole (cardiac resuscitation)
Epinephrine
57
Non-Selective Alpha agonists - Used for and drugs
Vasoconstriction - hypotension | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
58
Selective Alpha1 agonists - used for and drugs
Vasoconstriction - hypotension | Phenylephrine
59
Direct and Indirect Sympathomimetics - used for and drugs
Vasocontriction - hypotension Epinephrine Pseudoephedrine Phyenylpropanolamine
60
Vasodilators are used for
Hypertension, CHF, Thrombosus
61
Vasodilation drug types
``` Sympatholytic drugs ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin II antagonists Direct acting vasodilators Calcium channel blockers ```
62
Non-selective Alpha blockers - Class, use and Drugs
Sympatholytic Vasodilator Emergency hypertension, hypertensive crisis Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine
63
Selective Alpha1 Blocker - Class and Drugs
Sympatholytic Vasodilator | Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin
64
Presynaptic Alpha2 Agonist - Class and Drugs
Sympatholytic Vasodilator | Clonidine
65
Non-Selective Beta Blockers - Class and Drugs
Sympatholytic Vasodilator | Propranolol
66
Selective Beta1 Blockers - Class and Drugs
Sympatholytic Vasodilator | Atenolol
67
Beta and Alpha Blocker - Class and Drugs
Sympatholytic Vasodilator | Carvedilol
68
ACE Inhibitors
Captopril, Enalapril, Benazepril, Lisinapril
69
ACE Inhibitors are all given only orally except
Enalapril - also given parenterally
70
What do ACE Inhibitors Block
Kininase (angiotensin converter) Angiotensin II synthesis Aldosterone
71
What do ACE Inhibitors Increase
Renin and Bradykinin
72
What are ACE Inhibitors used for
CHF, Hypertension, Chronic Renal Insufficiency in Cats
73
Which two ACE Inhibitors are Long Acting
Benazepril and Lisinapril
74
Which two ACE Inhibitors are liver activated
Enalapril and Benazepril
75
Enalapril has a slower onset and longer duration than ___ in the dog
Captopril
76
Captopril absorption is reduced by
Food
77
Which ACE Inhibitor has significant excretion in bile (50%)
Benazepril
78
Captopril has more GI side effects than ___
Enalapril
79
Adverse Effects of ACE Inhibitors
Hypotension | Decreased glomerular pressure --> decreased GFR, hypertension, azotemia
80
Captopril may cause what in some dogs
Idiosyncratic glomerular disease
81
Angiotensin II Antagonist Drug
Losartan
82
Angiotensin II Antagonist used for
Antihypertensive
83
Hydralazine is a
Direct acting arteriolar vasodilator
84
Hydralazine increases
Local concentrations of PGI2
85
Mechanism of Action of Nitrates
Formation of NO activating guanylyl cyclase Increases cyclic GMP Relaxation of blood vessel smooth muslce
86
Calcium Channel Blockers
Diphenyl Alkylamines - Verapamil Benzodiazepines - Diltiazem Dihydropyridines - Amlodipine, Nifedipine
87
Ca Channel Blockers Mechanism of Action
Inhibit influx of extracellular Ca across myocardial and smooth muscle cell membranes --> inhibits myocardial contraction and dilates arteries
88
Ca Channel Blockers Effects on the Heart
Negative inotropic/chronotropic effect Increase O2 delivery to myocardial tissue Decrease afterload Coronary vasodilation
89
Ca Channel Blockers Effects on the Blood Vessels
Decrease peripheral resistance | Decrease Systemic BP
90
Antiarrhythmic Class IV - Drugs and Use
Verapamil and Diltiazem | Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
91
Antihypertensive Drugs and Use
Amlopdipine | First line antihypertensive in cats unless caused by hyperthyroidism
92
If Hypertension in cats is caused by hyperthyroidism which drug should be used
Beta Blocker
93
Myocardial Hypertrophy - Drug and species
Diltiazem | Cats - first choice
94
Adverse Effects of Ca Channel Blockers
Bradycardia and AV Block Hypotension GI Side Effects Elevated liver enzymes
95
Antihypertensive Drugs - Diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide | Furosemide
96
Antihypertensive Drugs - Beta Blockers
Propranolol | Atenolol
97
Antihypertensive Drugs - Vasodilators
ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin II Antagonists Hydralazine Alpha blockers
98
Drugs for Emergency Hypertension (hypertensive Crisis)
``` Hydralazine Propranolol, Acepromazine IV Phentolamine Oral Calcium channel blockers Prazosin ACE Inhibitors ```

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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