Autacoids

Question 1

What are the 4 autacoids

Answer 1

Histamine
Serotonin
Prostaglandins
Peptides

Question 2

What drugs inhibit histamine release

Answer 2

Cromolyn sodium
Catecholamines
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Glucocorticoids

Question 3

Major H1 Mediated Effects on Vessels and Smooth Muscle

Answer 3

Contraction of smooth muscles of: GI, bronchioles, uterus, Large blood vessels
Vasodilation followed by contraction leading to increased permeability, edema, hypotension and hypovolemic shock

Question 4

Other H1 Mediated Effects

Answer 4

Stimulation of exocrine secretion
Positive inotropic effect
CNS stimulation, inhibition of appetite

Question 5

Major H2 Mediated Effects

Answer 5

Gastric acid secretion

Positive inotropic effect and increased heart rate

Question 6

H1 antagonists are __

Answer 6

Antihistamines

Question 7

H1 Antagonists - First Generation Characteristics

Answer 7

Crosses BBB

Sedating

Question 8

H1 Antagonists First Generation Drugs

Answer 8

Diphenydramine
Promethazine
Cyproheptadine
Terfenadine
Meclizine

Question 9

H1 Antagonists Second Generation Characteristics

Answer 9

Non-sedating
Does not cross BBB
More receptor selectivity

Question 10

What do some second generation antagonists exhibit

Answer 10

non-competitive antagonism

anti-inflammatory effects by stabilizing mast cells

Question 11

Second generation drugs

Answer 11

Piperidines (Terfenadine, astemizole, loratadine)

Ketotifen (noncompetitive H1 agntagonist)

Question 12

Do first or second generation drugs have a longer duration of action

Answer 12

Second generation (12-24 hrs)

**First generation is 3-12 hrs

Question 13

H1 Antagonists are readily absorbed ___

Answer 13

Orally

Question 14

H1 Antagonists are metabolized by ___ and excreted by ___

Answer 14

Metabolized by the liver and excreted in the urine

Question 15

Which H1 drug is used as an antiemetic, antitussive and sedative

Answer 15

Diphenhydramine

Question 16

Which H1 drug is available as opthalmic for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis and orally as adjunctive for asthma prevention

Answer 16

Ketotifen

Question 17

Side effects of H1 Antagonists

Answer 17

Anticholinergic effect
GI irritation
Alpha adrenergic block (phenothiazines)

Question 18

Which two H1 Antagonists are associated with Cardiac Arrhythmias

Answer 18

Terfenadine and Astemizole

Question 19

What are the H2 Antagonist drugs

Answer 19

Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine

Question 20

Do H2 Antagonists cross the BBB

Answer 20

NO

Question 21

Cimetidine effects

Answer 21

Immunomodulatory
Inhibits suppressor T cells
Enhances cell mediated immunity

Question 22

Ranitidine and Nizatidine effects

Answer 22

Cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetyl cholinesterase –> stimulates GI motility

Question 23

Uses for H2 Antagonists

Answer 23

Peptic Ulcer
Gastric erosive disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Duodenal ulcer

Question 24

Cimetidine is used in the treatment of equine ____

Answer 24

Melanoma

Question 25

Ranitidine or Nizatidine can be used as a ___

Answer 25

Prokinetic

Question 26

Cisapride Mechanism of Action

Answer 26

5-HT4 receptor agonist in enteric neurons

Question 27

Cisapride is a ___ and acts on ___

Answer 27

Prokinetic | Small and Large intestine

Question 28

Fluoxetine Mechanism of Action

Answer 28

Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor - antidepressant | Increases serotonin levels in the brain

Question 29

Fluoxetine Clinical Uses

Answer 29

Canine separation anxiety Behavioral disorders in dogs and cats Inappropriate elimination in cats

Question 30

Side effects of Fluoxetine

Answer 30

Nausea Anorexia Irritability Sleeping disturbances

Question 31

Cyproheptadine Mechanism of Action

Answer 31

Blocks H1 Receptors, serotonin receptors | Inhibition of serotonin inhibits ACTH

Question 32

Uses for cyproheptadine

Answer 32

Antihistamine Appetite stimulant in small animals Serotonin Syndrome in dogs and cats

Question 33

Ondansetron Mechanism of Action

Answer 33

5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist (central and peripheral)

Question 34

Use for Ondansetron

Answer 34

Prevention and treatment of anticancer chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting

Question 35

Metoclopramide Mechanism of Action

Answer 35

5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist | D1 and D2 receptor antagonist

Question 36

Uses of Metoclopramide

Answer 36

Antiemetic | Prokinetic

Question 37

Mirtazapine Mechanism of Action

Answer 37

Enhances noradrenergic and serotonergic activity by antagonizing central presynaptic alpha2 adrenergic inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroceptors Potent antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors

Question 38

Mirtazapine uses

Answer 38

Antidepressant | Antiemetic

Question 39

Serotonin Antagonists

Answer 39

Cyproheptadine Ondansetron Metoclopramide Mirtazapine

Question 40

Neurokinin Antagonist

Answer 40

Maropitant Citrate

Question 41

Maropitant Citrate Mechanism of Action

Answer 41

Blocks Neurokinin 1 receptors preventing substance P from binding --> antiemetic (pain, stress, anxiety, psychologic stress/vomiting)

Question 42

Maropitant Citrate Uses

Answer 42

Only used in dogs over 16 wks | Tablet or injection for prevention of acute vomiting due to motion sickness

Question 43

Where is renin secreted from and what does it do

Answer 43

Juxtaglomerular apparatus | Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Question 44

What stimulates the release of renin

Answer 44

Hypotension, decreased renal blood flow, low Na or Cl, sympathetic stimulation (B1 adrenergic)

Question 45

What inhibits renin secretion

Answer 45

Angiotensin 2, ADH, Hypertension, Increased Na reabsorption, B1 Adrenergic blockers

Question 46

What does Angiotensin 2 do

Answer 46

Potent Vasocontrictor, Stimulates aldosterone secretion, inhibits renin

Question 47

Angiotensin 2 Antagonists

Answer 47

ACE Inhibitors | Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonists - Losartan

Question 48

Prostaglandins

Answer 48

Misoprostol Fluprostenol Bimatoprost

Question 49

Misoprostol Mechanism of Action

Answer 49

Causes GI cytoprotection and decreases acid secretion

Question 50

Misoprostol use

Answer 50

Given orally as an anti ulcer drug

Question 51

Fluprostenol Mechanism of Action

Answer 51

Causes luteolysis | Stimulates motility of the smooth muscles of repro. tract

Question 52

Fluprostenol use

Answer 52

Reproduction

Question 53

Bimatoprost Mechanism of Action

Answer 53

PG agonist - increases uveoscleral outflow by stimulating FP receptors in the eye

Question 54

Bimatoprost use

Answer 54

Topically on eye in treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

Question 55

Prostaglandin Inhibitors

Answer 55

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - NSAIDS | Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors - Corticosteroids

Question 56

Leukotrienes Inhibitors

Answer 56

Zafirlukast, Zileuton

Question 57

Zafirlukast Mechanism of Action

Answer 57

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

Question 58

Zafirlukast use

Answer 58

Prevention of bronchoconstriction in bronchial asthma in cats

Question 59

Zileuton Mechanism of Action

Answer 59

5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor (leukotriene formation inhibition)

Question 60

Zileuton use

Answer 60

Prevention of bronchoconstriction in bronchial asthma

Question 61

What is Oclacitinib

Answer 61

Janus Kinase Inhibitor

Question 62

Oclacitinib Mechanism of Action

Answer 62

Inhibits pruritogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting JAK1 and JAK3 without inhibiting cytokines involved with hematopoiesis (JAK2)

Question 63

Oclacitinib use

Answer 63

Control of pruritis associated with allergic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (dogs over 12 months)