Cardiovascular Dysfunction

Question 1

How soon must the switch between fetal and pulmonary circulation occur?

Answer 1

A few hours after birth

Question 2

What does the closure of the foremen ovale cause?

Answer 2

Increased left arterial pressure

Question 3

What closes the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 3

Higher oxygen levels

Question 4

Why are infants at a greater risk for heart failure?

Answer 4

Volume and pressure sensitivity

Limited heart capacity

Question 5

How are infant hearts compared to adult hearts?

Answer 5

Less organized
Less compliant
Reduced stroke volume

Question 6

Where does blood go from the SVC and IVC?

Answer 6

Right atrium

Question 7

Where does blood go from the right atrium?

Answer 7

Tricuspid valve to the right ventricle

Question 8

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

Answer 8

Through pulmonary valve to the lungs

Question 9

Where does blood go from the lungs?

Answer 9

Left atrium

Question 10

Where does blood go from the left atrium?

Answer 10

Through mitral valve into left ventricle

Question 11

Where does blood go from the left ventricle?

Answer 11

Through the aorta to the body

Question 12

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

Answer 12

Left side

Question 13

Which side of the heart relieves deoxygenated blood?

Answer 13

Right side

Question 14

What is pulse oximetry?

Answer 14

Amount of oxygen available for tissue delivery

Question 15

What is hypoxia?

Answer 15

A condition in which the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen

Question 16

What is the response of chronic hypoxia?

Answer 16

Polycythemia

Question 17

What is polycythemia?

Answer 17

An abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

Question 18

Why do infants have little cardiac reserve?

Answer 18

Muscle fibers cannot expand stretch to increase stroke volume

Question 19

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 19

Heart rate x stroke volume

Question 20

What do infants do since they can’t increase stroke volume?

Answer 20

They increase heart rate to increase cardiac output

Question 21

What are the types of cardiac defects?

Answer 21

Congenital and squired

Question 22

What are congenital disorders?

Answer 22

Abnormal functions present at birth

Question 23

What is the most common form of CHD?

Answer 23

Ventricular septal defect

Question 24

What is congestive heart failure?

Answer 24

The inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood into the systemic circulation, not being able to keep up with metabolic demands

Question 25

Why does congestive heart failure occur in children?

Answer 25

Structural abnormalities

Question 26

What are clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure?

Answer 26

Impaired myocardial function Pulmonary congestion Systemic venous congestion

Question 27

What are some disease processes that require high cardiac output?

Answer 27

``` Severe anemia Acidosis Respiratory disease Cardiomyopathy Kawasaki disease ```

Question 28

What are some early signs of CHF in infants?

Answer 28

Tiring during feeding Weight loss Diaphoresis Frequent infections

Question 29

What are early signs of CHF in children?

Answer 29

Exercise intolerance Dyspnea Abdominal pain Peripheral edema

Question 30

What are some late signs of CHF?

Answer 30

Respiratory symptoms Tachycardia Fluid overload Cardiomegaly

Question 31

What is hypoxemia?

Answer 31

Condition in which arterial oxygen tension is less than normal

Question 32

How should someone with hypoxemia feed?

Answer 32

Small meals

Question 33

What is bacterial endocarditis?

Answer 33

An infection of the inner lining of the endocardium

Question 34

What can cause endocarditis?

Answer 34

Strep Staph Fungal infections

Question 35

What is Rheumatic fever?

Answer 35

An inflammatory disease occurring after group a b-hemolytic pharyngitis

Question 36

How is rheumatic fever treated?

Answer 36

Antibiotics to eradicate infection | Aspirin to treat carditis

Question 37

What is hyperlipidemia?

Answer 37

Excessive lipids

Question 38

What are bradydysrhythmias?

Answer 38

Abnormally slow rate

Question 39

What are tachydysrhythmias?

Answer 39

Abnormally rapid rate

Question 40

What are conduction disturbances?

Answer 40

Irregular heart rate

Question 41

What is pulmonary artery hypertension?

Answer 41

A group of rare disorders that result in an elevation of pulmonary artery pressure

Question 42

What are the manifestations of pulmonary artery hypertension?

Answer 42

Dyspnea with exercise Chest pain Syncope

Question 43

What is cardiomyopathy?

Answer 43

Abnormalities of the myocardium in which the ability of the muscle to contract is impaired

Question 44

What causes essential hypertension?

Answer 44

No known cause

Question 45

What causes secondary hypertension?

Answer 45

A structural abnormality or underlying pathology

Question 46

What is pre hypertension?

Answer 46

Average systolic or diastolic BP levels that are 90th percentile but less than 95th percentile

Question 47

What is hypertension?

Answer 47

Systolic and/or diastolic BP that is 95th percentile for gender, age, and height percentile on 3 occasions

Question 48

What is stage I hypertension?

Answer 48

BP levels that range from the 95th percentile to 5mm hg above the 99th percentile

Question 49

What is stage II hypertension?

Answer 49

BP levels that are greater than 5mm hg above the 99th percentile

Question 50

What percent of the arm circumference should the bladder be?

Answer 50

40%

Question 51

What is Kawasaki disease?

Answer 51

A condition that causes inflammation in the walls of some blood vessels in the body

Question 52

What is the cause of Kawasaki disease?

Answer 52

Unknown

Question 53

What are the manifestations of Kawasaki disease?

Answer 53

``` Fever Conjunctival hyperemia Cervical lymph node enlargement Crackling skin Coronary artery aneurysms ```

Question 54

How is Kawasaki disease treated?

Answer 54

Intravenous immunoglobulin | aspirin

Question 55

What is the most common anomaly?

Answer 55

Ventricular septal defect

Question 56

Which defects are acyanotic?

Answer 56

Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosis Ateioventricular canal

Question 57

What defects are cyanotic?

Answer 57

Tetralogy of fallot | Tricuspid atresia

Question 58

What does tetralogy of fallot include?

Answer 58

A large VSd Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricle hypertrophy Overriding aorta